Can you please write 4 responses to the 4 different post-discussion? One response to post #1 and one response to post #2 and so on. The response to posts should be a minimum of 50 words. Whether you agree or disagree explain why with supporting evidence and concepts from the reading or related experience. Include a reference, link, or citation when appropriate. Thank you
Post #1
COLLAPSE
1.) How did R.S.’s risk factors predispose him to a cardiac event?
Physical exertion from playing tennis with his wife is one factor that predisposes a cardiac event. Extreme temperatures, so the heat that he was in or feeling can be a predisposition due to the fact that it causes vasoconstriction. Eating a large breakfast can be as well because blood then has to go to the stomach to provide oxygen to the organs so they can do their job. This increases the demand on the heart making it work harder. His medical history of HTN and type 2 DM are also predisposing factors. HTN is the result of vasoconstriction which causes poor perfusion (Heuther et al., 2020, p. 622).
2.) What symptoms would you expect to see in a patient with a myocardial infarction in the left ventricle? In the right ventricle?
We would expect to see some degree of right sided and left sided heart failure post MI. An MI in the left ventricle would lead to left sided heart failure. We would see systems consistent with respiratory congestion. For example, cough, dyspnea, orthopnea, crackles in the lungs, and decreased urine output r/t poor perfusion to the kidneys. For right sided heart failure secondary to a MI in the right ventricle, we would see symptoms consistent with systemic infection. This would include symptoms such as peripheral edema, JVD, hepatomegaly, and weight gain due to fluid retention (Harding et al., 2020, p. 719).
3.) One cultural factor that may affect this patient’s recovery and adaptation post MI would be diet. Some people strongly believe in following a strict vegan diet. However, he may not get the full proper nutrition needed to properly fuel his body and his heart. Especially if her returns to exercising, he needs to make sure he’s eating foods with high protein, low in saturated fats, and other foods that will benefit his heart health.

Post #2
RS was predisposed to his cardiac event from his risk factors being hypertension and type two diabetes. Hypertension causes a lot of damage from the excessive pressure and over time weakens the heart tissue. Diabetes can contribute to the autonomic disfunction of the heart as well as inflammation which compromises the myocyte function. Both of these factors can cause a lot of damage on the heart. (Huether et al., 2020)
Left side heart failure symptoms start to generate when the left ventricle cant produce enough pressure to be able to project the blood through the aorta. Over time the muscle starts to atrophy which causes impaired cardiac output. Because of this the blood ends up backing up into the left atrium which causes fluid build up in the lungs. This then causes pulmonary edema and congestion. It may also be able to cause crackles. Right sided heart failure symptoms start to generate when the right ventricle isn’t able to pump blood. When that happens excess fluid builds up in the venous system. This can cause edema in the peripheral extremities and jugular vein distention. (Harding et al., 2020)
One adaptation this patient might have to make would a change in diet. It could be hard to lower the salt and fat content in his families’ cultural cuisines. A lot of families also bound with sitting down and having meals together so not being able to potentially do that can cause a lot of strain.

Post #3
How did R.S.’s risk factors predispose him to a cardiac event?
Chest pain and discomfort can escalate to a serious problem if not addressed as soon as they occur. Various factors can cause chest problems, for example, muscle strain or indigestion. For instance, R.S. suspected that the large breakfast ate was the likely cause of chest discomfort. Prolonged and intense pain that spreads to the neck and head might suggest the likelihood of a heart-related problem, such as cardiac arrest.
The case demonstrates that hypertension and type 2 diabetes are the main predisposing risk factors to a cardiac event that R.S. experienced when playing tennis. High blood pressure significantly exposes an individual to heart disease. High blood pressure can damage the heart and other vital body organs, such as the brain and kidneys. In addition, type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) predisposes a person to an abnormal cardiac structure and atherosclerosis. Myocardial infarction and prolonged compression are common symptoms of DM, which exposes a diabetic person to heart failure risk. Other predisposing conditions noted in the case include muscle strain, age, gender, and indigestion. Overall, men aged 45 and older face an elevated risk of cardiac events than women.
What symptoms would you expect to see in a patient with myocardial infarction in the left ventricle? In the right ventricle?
Myocardial infarction in the left ventricle or an inferior heart attack occurs when blood pools toward the cardiac apex or akinetic part. Some symptoms of the left ventricular attack are angina or chest pain, stomach discomfort, nausea, sweating, dizziness, heart palpitations, and breathing difficulty. A patient with right ventricular failure or myocardial infarction might exhibit the same symptoms presented in the left ventricular infarction, including chest pain or angina, dizziness, nausea, dyspnea, and acute peripheral edema (Huether, McCance & Brashers, 2020). While the left and right ventricular infarctions might show similar symptoms, right ventricular infarction is less common. Regardless of the nature of the ventricular problem, the person should seek urgent treatment to prevent further heart damage.
Give an example of one cultural factor that may affect this patient’s recovery and adaptation post.
In brief, the patient suffered a cardiac event because of various risk factors, such as hypertension, type 2 diabetes (DM), age, gender, and muscle strain. High blood pressure and diabetes are common predisposing factors to heart disease. However, age and gender increase the risk of suffering a stroke, especially if the patient has high blood pressure.

Post #4
R.S. has a variety of risk factors that can contribute to him having a cardiac event. His two co-morbidities (HTN, Type 2 DM) must be controlled for him to avoid any acute issues. The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system is overactive when someone has hypertension which can lead to atherosclerosis (Heuther et. al., 2020). Atherosclerosis causes coronary artery disease which diminishes blood supply to the heart and can lead to ischemia (Heuther et, al.). Insulin resistance can damage the myocardial endothelium, increase vessel wall thickness and increased thrombosis increasing the likelihood of ischemia or infarction (Heuther et. al., 2020). Another risk factor is R.S.’s ethnicity which raises his risk for heart disease. Cardiovascular diseases are the number 2 cause of death for Hispanics and there is a greater prevalence in men (Balfour et, al., 2016) This case study shows us that R.S. is probably active since his cardiac incident happened when he was playing tennis with is wife. However, Balfour explains that over half of Hispanic men and over a third of Hispanic women have evidence of hypercholesterolemia which is a contributing factor for CAD (2016).
According to Heuther, infarction involving the left ventricle will cause pulmonary venous congestion while an infarction involving the right ventricle will increase venous pressure (2020). Some of the symptoms related to left ventricular dysfunction can be pulmonary edema, an S3 gallop on auscultation and a decrease in ejection fraction for cardiac output (Chahine, 2021). Symptoms for damage to the right ventricle would result in increased swelling to extremities and ascites due to an increase in venous pressure.
One example of a cultural factor specifically for Hispanics can be the language. The case study does not specify whether R.S. speaks English or not but if English is his second language, medical terminology might be difficult to comprehend. Many hospitals have telephones or even monitors where a patient can speak face to face. One problem that I unexpectedly faced with one of my patients was that he was from Honduras and the interpreter was from Puerto Rico. Everyone assumed since they both spoke Spanish, there would be no issues with communication but the patient became frustrated with the interpreter. Hispanic culture is full of a variety of different dialects and not everyone speaks the same one.