important philosopher, in his book talked about his own understanding of temperament which he still referred to as Galen did in the same terms. The twist in his own research as opposed to Galen’s, is that, he posits that each temperament is basically independent and there can be no combination.
Between the late 19th to mid 20th century, theorists like Eric Adicks (1866-1928) a German Philosopher whose work is a reflection on Kant, asserts that people can be differentiated by their dominant world view. He also proposed four types of personalities: the Innovative [who are changers and pioneers], the Traditional [who are conservatives], the Doctrinaires [who seek what will be of value to human], and the Skepticals [who call everything into question]. William James (1842-1910) also has a similar opinion with Eric Adick’s. He, however, goes further by making a distinction between rationalists and empiricists, these set of personalities can be observed in the way they handle facts. He expatiates by stating that while rationalists are tender-minded, empiricists are tough-minded.

Another theorist, Eduard Spranger (1882-1962) saw personality as what each person values the most, which also determines the world view of each individual. He classified these values into six different types (Social, Economic, Theoretical, Aesthetic, Political and religious). These values, in relation to whichever chosen by an individual, will determine the personality that individual embraces.
While the above theorist juxtaposed values and personality or temperament, Ernst Krestschmer (1888-1964) classified temperament as ‘psychological disorders’ that develop in an individual, he goes on further to posit that Psychosis is an extension of temperament. He therefore in relation to his assertion divides individuals into two broad categories: Cycloids [those who admire social activities], and Schizoids [those who are outright suspicious of and avoid social activities]. He went further to divide Cycloids into Melancholic (depressive) and Hypomanic (excitable), while also dividing Schizoids into Hyperestic (over-sensitive) and Anesthetic (insensitive).
Carl Jung (1875-1961) in relation to temperament believes in the distinction between extroversion and introversion. According to him, extroverts are inclined towards the object, while introverts are inward away from the object. The differences bring about different individual and this was just a starting point for him. He makes two broad categories in relation to cognitive processes of mental functions which are perceptive (how we get to be aware of things) and judging (how we decide about things). The first is also associated with sensing and intuition while the second has to do with thinking and feeling. He posits that there is an introverted and extroverted side to each individual which brings about eight mental functions that people use to cope with life, although one is most relied on in such a way that defines the personality of the person.
Furthermore, according to Eric Fromm (1900-1980), temperament has to do with emotional disposition which is innate, while character has to do one’s ethics and morals which leads to character development. He used the same term of temperament as both Galen and Avicenna and agreed with Kant on the features associated with each. In addition to all of that, he goes further to describe six dominant characters in the modern society which he states as Receptive, Exploitative, Hoarding, Marketing, Necrophilous, and Pathological. He concludes by