Advanced Industrial Hygiene

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After your initial review of the operations and safety data sheets (SDS), you have determined the sampling you want to perform at Acme Automotive Parts (AAP). The table below lists hazards you want to sample and the sampling/analytical methods you decide to use. You can access the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) methods at https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/nmam/default.html and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) methods at https://www.osha.gov/dts/sltc/methods/toc.html.

Hazard Possible Method Occupational Exposure Limits (OEL)
Manganese Fume (Welding) NIOSH 7302 5 mg/m3 (OSHA Ceiling)
Copper Fume (Welding) NIOSH 7302 0.1 mg/m3 (OSHA 8-hour TWA)
Lead Fume (Welding) NIOSH 7302 0.05 mg/m3 (OSHA 8-hour TWA)
1,2,4 trimethylbenzene (Paint) OSHA 1020 25 ppm (ACGIH 8-hour TWA TLV)
Toluene (Paint) OSHA 111 50 ppm (ACGIH 8-hour TWA TLV)
Xylene (Paint) OSHA 1002 100 ppm (OSHA 8-hour TWA)
Metal Working Fluids NIOSH 5524 0.5 mg/m3 (NIOSH 10-hour TWA REL)
Noise (throughout plant) None 90 dBA (OSHA 8-hour TWA)
Choose one hazard from the welding area, one hazard from the paint area, and the metal working fluids, and prepare one paragraph for each hazard (three paragraphs in total) answering each of the following questions:

Which sampling media will you be using?
What flow rate will you use?
How will you calibrate the sampling train?
Calculate the minimum sampling time you will require to be able to detect concentrations at the OELs listed in the table. Show your work in calculating the sampling times.
Will you collect personal or area samples? Explain why.
Are there any compounds listed in the method that might interfere with your sample?
Are there any special storage or shipment requirements for your samples?
Prepare one paragraph that concludes how you would evaluate noise exposures in the facility. Discuss what type of sampling instrument you would use, how you would perform

Sample Solution

Applications of drug nanoparticles include: both biodegradable nanoparticles for systemic drug delivery and nonbiodegradable nanoparticles for drug dissolution modification have been studied [15-18]. Proposed applications for drug nanoparticles vary from drug targeting and delivery [15, 17, 19-23] to even gene [24-26] and protein [27, 28] therapies. Administration of nanoparticles by, for example, parenteral [16] ocular [29-31] , transdermal [32], and oral routes have been studied. However, the oral route is still the most convenient, preferred, and in a lot of cases, also the most cost-effective route of drug administration [28, 33-37].
There is considerable interest in recent years in developing biodegradable nanoparticles as a drug/gene delivery system [25, 38-41]. An ideal drug-delivery system possesses two elements: the ability to target and to control the drug release. Targeting will ensure high efficiency of the drug and minimize the side effects, especially when dealing with drugs that are supposed to kill cancer cells but can also kill healthy cells when delivered to them. Controlled drug release can decrease or even prevent its side effects.
The advantages of using nanoparticles for drug delivery applications rise from their three main basic properties. First, nanoparticles, because of their small size, can penetrate through smaller capillaries, which could allow efficient drug accumulation at the target sites [42, 43]. Second, the use of biodegradable materials for nanoparticle preparation can allow sustained drug release within the target site over a period of days or even weeks [44-46]. Third, the nanoparticle surface can be adapted to modify biodistribution of drugs or can be conjugated to a ligand to attain target-specific drug delivery [47, 48].

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