Biology lab analysis
Renal System Physiology
The kidneys are excretory and regulatory organs. By excreting water and solutes, the kidneys are responsible for ridding the body of waste products and excess water. The kidneys regulate 1) plasma osmolarity, or the concentration of a solution expressed as osmoles of solute per liter of solvent; 2) plasma volume; 3) acid-base balance; 4) electrolyte balance; 5) excretion of metabolic wastes and foreign materials; and 6) the production and secretion of hormones that regulate osmolarity and electrolyte balance. All these activities are extremely important to maintaining homeostasis in the body.
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The kidneys are located between the posterior abdominal wall and the abdominal peritoneum. Although many textbooks depict the kidneys directly across from each other, the right kidney is actually slightly lower than the left. Each human kidney contains approximately 1.2 million nephrons, the functional units of the kidney. Each nephron is composed of a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule. The renal corpuscle consists of a tuft of capillaries, called the glomerulus, which is enclosed by a fluid-filled capsule called Bowman’s capsule. An afferent arteriole supplies blood to the glomerulus. As blood flows through the glomerular capillaries, protein-free plasma filters into the Bowman’s capsule, a process called glomerular filtration. An efferent arteriole then drains the glomerulus of the remaining blood. The filtrate flows from Bowman’s capsule to the start of the renal tubule, called the proximal convoluted tubule, then on to the proximal straight tubule, followed by the loop of Henle, a U-shaped hairpin loop. The filtrate then flows into the distal convoluted tubule before reaching the con- necting tubule and the collecting duct, where urine collects. The distal tubule and collecting duct are composed of two cell types: principal cells and intercalated cells. Principal cells reabsorb Na+ and water and secrete K+. Intercalated cells secrete either H+ or HCO - and are, therefore, very important in the regulation
of the acid/base balance.
Glomerular Filtration
Let’s take a closer look at what happens during glomerular filtration. Blood en- ters the glomerulus from the afferent arteriole. Starling forces (hydrostatic and osmotic pressure gradients) drive protein-free plasma from the blood across the walls of the glomerular capillaries and into the Bowman’s capsule. The glomeru- lar filtration rate is an index of kidney function. In humans, the filtration rate
The benefits of lean manufacturing
Lean is a methodology to reduce waste in a manufacturing system without sacrificing productivity. The background of lean thinking is based in the history of Japanese manufacturing techniques which have now been applied world-wide within many types of industry. Lean manufacturing encourages the flexibility creation in production systems reduce unnecessary inventory, increase knowledge about the production process, save cost, reduce defects so that quality increases, reduce production lead times and reduce waste. An example of lean thinking is transport waste, that is, the relocation of materials not actually required for processing. Overproduction is the action of producing more of something than is needed, or producing too much. Overproduction is the worst of wastes in lean manufacturing. This is because it obscures all of the other problems within your processes. Some of the benefits of lean is that it frees up space, products are created faster, product is pulled through by the customer, improved product quality, and perfect order rate.
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Piotr Ilitch Tchaikovsky was a Russian arranger of the Romantic period, conceived on May 7, 1840AM in Votkinsk, Russia. His works incorporate orchestras, concertos, dramas, ballet productions, ambiance music, and a choral setting of the Russian Orthodox Divine Liturgy. A portion of these are among the most well known dramatic music in the old style collection including the ballet productions Swan Lake, The Sleeping Beauty and The Nutcracker. He was the main Russian arranger whose music established a long term connection globally, which he reinforced with appearances as a visitor conductor later in his vocation in Europe and the United States. Tchaikovsky was respected in 1884 by Emperor Alexander III, and granted a lifetime annuity in the late 1880s.
Family
Tchaikovsky was destined to a genuinely well off working class family. His dad, named Ilya Tchaikovsky was a mining business official in Votkinsk. His father\'s predecessors were from Ukraine and Poland. His mom, named Aleksandra Assier, was of Russian and French family line. His dad, Ilya Petrovich (a double cross separated) wedded Alexandra and the two had two children, Pyotr and Modest.
Adolescence and Mother demise
Tchaikovsky began piano investigations at five and before long demonstrated wonderful blessings. He additionally learned
to understand French and German by the age of six. After a year, he was composing French refrains. The family employed a tutor, Fanny Dürbach, to oversee the kids, and she regularly alluded to Tchaikovsky as the \"porcelain child.\" Tchaikovsky was ultra delicate to music. He would whine around evening time that the music in his mind would not allow him to rest.
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Since the two guardians had moved on from establishments in Saint Petersburg, they chose to teach Tchaikovsky as they had themselves been instructed. The School of Jurisprudence primarily served the lesser respectability and would get ready Tchaikovsky for a vocation as a government worker. As the base age for acknowledgment was 12 and Tchaikovsky was just 10 at that point, he was required to go through two years boarding at the Imperial School of Jurisprudence\'s private academy, 1300 km from his family. When those two years had passed, Tchaikovsky moved to the Imperial School of Jurisprudence to start a seven-year course of studies. Tchaikovsky\'s division from his mom to go to live-in school caused a passionate injury that tormented him for an incredible duration.
On June 25, 1854, when he was 14 Tchaikovsky endured the stun of his mother\'s demise from cholera. His splitting from his mom was agonizing – an occasion that may have invigorated him to form. Tchaikovsky moaned about the loss of his mom for an amazing remainder, and conceded that it had \"a tremendous effect in transit things showed up for me". He was influenced to the point that he couldn't educate Fanny Dürbach, until two years sometime later.
Tchaikovsky\'s dad, who additionally got wiped out with cholera as of now however made a full recuperation, quickly sent the kid back to St. Petersburg school with the expectation that the class work would consume his psyche.