Canadian Criminal Justice System and Indigenous Peoples

Sample Solution

Canadian Criminal Justice System and Indigenous Peoples Indigenous people are overrepresented in the Canadian criminal justice system as both victims/survivors and accused/convicted individuals. For example, in 2004, a significantly higher proportion of indigenous than non-indigenous people in Canada (aged 15+) reported being victimized in the previous year (28% vs. 18%) (https://www.justice.gc.ca/socjs-esjp/en/ind-aut/Definitions#fn9). In the 1996, the Report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples was released. It found that the greatest contributor to overrepresentation were the colonial values underlying Canadian criminal laws, policies and practices that have had negative impacts on indigenous peoples (https://www.justice.gc.ca/socjs-esjp/en/ind-aut/Definitions#fn12). As a result of Canada`s colonial history, indigenous peoples have been subjected to assimilation policies and practices that have created collective and individual intergenerational trauma resulting in negative impacts on social determinants of health for many.

the form of CACHE in the CPU, (computers processing unit) Pinel theorised that humans cannot have a single memory storage as all information is processed and transferred slowly from one side to the other. The closest resemblance to this is the neuronal network attractors (Mitchell, 1993). The cerebral cortex wakes the NNA up and reactivates memory. It was using this knowledge that Ramirez et al, 2013 was able to implant a memory into a mouse’s brain. To conclude, the main thesis of this was that humans have a more extensive background of knowledge and learning that computers would not be able to match, much research agrees with this thesis, however only a few pieces of research would disagree and hypothesise that computers have matched, if not outgrown humans in cognitive processes. However, due to much of this research being based off a theoretical construct and produced in laboratories there is not a lot of strength in these. Cultural differences also come into play, as western culture may be more advanced in intelligence and technology, it would be interesting to see cultural differences being raised in some of this research. Kismet only used western cultures to portray emotions through facial expressions, if a person of Asian descent or African background used Kismet, would the computer recognise their facial expressions effectively? Cognitive psychology compares the human brain to a computer or an artificial program. This suggests that human brains are also information processors and they study the internal processes from the response humans make to a stimulus from the environment, the analogy between computers and human cognitive processes is limited as research and experiments are largely based in controlled conditions, which lack ecological validity. For example, on the Kismet project over 400 participants went to a laboratory to recreate facial expressions so the Kismet could recognise these facial expressions with emotions. However in a real life setting peoples expressions could be different to a forced expression in a laboratory setting, and there is cultural differences within facial expressions. Recreating consciousness also comes under the same criticism. Freidenberg, 2010 said “How can we create something we do not know fully exists, what cannot be proven.” The human brain is plastic and can expand with kn