Contrasting views of the general nature of deviant behavior
Two contrasting views of the general nature of deviant behavior have been discussed in readings for the first part of this course. On the one hand, early sociologists and many contemporary researchers in psychology, psychiatry, and criminology have viewed deviant behavior as a product of individual pathology. In this view, the causes of deviant behavior are typically attributed to psychological disorders or dysfunctions, genetic defects, or other abnormal traits or conditions of individuals.
On the other hand, most sociologists have followed the view of Merton and Sutherland that deviant behavior is created through normal social processes. For instance, this view is reflected in the idea that criminal behavior is a “rational” means to obtain material success for members of the lower class (Merton) or that deviant behavior is learned through normal processes of social interaction in primary groups (Sutherland). A central implication of this position is that virtually any person could become deviant under the “right” social circumstances.
Where do you stand? Do you see most forms of deviant behavior as (a) manifestations of individual pathology or as (b) normal responses to social conditions?
Indicate which view makes the most sense to you and discuss the reasons and evidence that lead you to prefer that position. Feel free to refer to readings or other literature, but avoid lengthy quotes—state your argument in your own words.
Sample Solution
I believe that both individual pathology and social conditions can contribute to deviant behavior. In some cases, deviant behavior may be caused by a mental illness or other individual problem. For example, a person with a personality disorder may be more likely to engage in criminal behavior. In other cases, deviant behavior may be a normal response to social conditions. For example, a person who lives in poverty may be more likely to commit crimes in order to survive.
I think it is important to consider both individual pathology and social conditions when trying to understand deviant behavior. There is no single cause of deviant behavior, and it is likely that a combination of factors is involved.
Here are some specific examples of how individual pathology and social conditions can contribute to deviant behavior:
- Individual pathology: A person with a mental illness, such as schizophrenia or borderline personality disorder, may be more likely to engage in deviant behavior, such as violence or substance abuse.
- Social conditions: A person who lives in poverty may be more likely to commit crimes in order to survive. This is because people who live in poverty often have fewer opportunities and resources, and they may feel that they have nothing to lose by breaking the law.
- Subculture: A person who belongs to a subculture that values deviant behavior, such as a gang, may be more likely to engage in that behavior. This is because the subculture provides the person with a sense of belonging and acceptance, and it may also provide them with the skills and resources they need to commit deviant acts.