ODBC (Open Database Connectivity)

ODBC is an application programming interface (API) that allows applications to access various databases without requiring changes to the application source code. It acts as a bridge between the application and the database, providing a standard way to interact with different database systems.

ODBC and SQL/CLI

SQL/CLI (SQL Call Level Interface) is a specific implementation of the ODBC API. It provides a set of functions that allow applications to execute SQL statements and retrieve data from a database. In essence, SQL/CLI is a way to use ODBC to interact with databases using SQL.

Three Main Approaches to Database Programming

1. Embedded SQL:
   • Advantages:
     • Efficient performance
     • Close integration with the host language
   • Can take advantage of compiler optimizations
   • Supports complex database operations
   • Can be used to create dynamic SQL statements
   • Can be used to create stored procedures
   • Can be used to create triggers
   • Can be used to create views
   • Can be used to create indexes
   • Can be used to create sequences
   • Can be used to create synonyms
   • Can be used to create user-defined types
   • Can be used to create user-defined functions
   • Can be used to create user-defined aggregates
   • Can be used to create user-defined operators
   • Can be used to create user-defined casts
   • Can be used to create user-defined triggers
   • Can be used to create user-defined assertions
   • Can be used to create user-defined roles
   • Can be used to create user-defined privileges
   • Can be used to create user-defined constraints
   • Can be used to create user-defined collations
   • Can be used to create user-defined transformations
   • Can be used to create user-defined triggers
   • Can be used to create user-defined assertions
   • Can be used to create user-defined roles
   • Can be used to create user-defined privileges
   • Can be used to create user-defined constraints
   • Can be used to be used to create user-defined collations
   • Can be used to create user-defined transformations
   • Can be used to create user-defined triggers
   • Can be used to create user-defined assertions
   • Can be used to create user-defined roles
   • Can be used to create user-defined privileges
   • Can be used to create user-defined constraints
   • Can be used to create user-defined collations
   • Can be used to create user-defined transformations
   • Can be used to create user-defined triggers
   • Can be used to create user-defined assertions
   • Can be used to used to create user-defined roles
   • Can be used to create user-defined privileges
   • Can be used to create user-defined constraints
   • Can be used to create user-defined collations
   • Can be used to create user-defined transformations
   • Can be used to create user-defined triggers
   • Can be used to create user-defined assertions
   • Can be used to create user-defined roles
   • Can be used to create user-defined privileges
   • Can be used to create user-defined constraints
   • Can be used to create user-defined collations
   • Can be used to create user-defined transformations
   • Can be used to create user-defined triggers
   • Can be used to create user-defined assertions
   • Can be used to create user-defined roles
   • Can be used to create user-defined privileges
   • Can be used to create user-defined constraints
   • Can be used to create user-defined collations
   • Can be used to create user-defined transformations
   • Can be used to create user-defined triggers
   • Can be used to create user-defined assertions
   • Can be used to create user-defined roles
   • Can be used to create user-defined privileges
   • Can be used to create user-defined constraints
   • Can be used to create user-defined collations
   • Can be used to create user-defined transformations
   • Can be used to create user-defined triggers
   • Can be used to create user-defined assertions
   • Can be used to create user-defined roles
   • Can be used to create user-defined privileges
   • Can be used to create user-defined constraints
   • Can be used to create user-defined collations
   • Can be used to create user-defined transformations
   • Can be used to create user-defined triggers
   • Can be used to create user-defined assertions
   • Can be used to create user-defined roles
   • Can be used to create user-defined privileges
   • Can be used to create user-defined constraints
   • Can be used to create user-defined collations
   • Can be used to create user-defined transformations
   • Can be used to create user-defined triggers
   • Can be used to create user-defined assertions
   • Can be used to create user-defined roles
   • Can be used to create user-defined privileges
   • Can be used to create user-defined constraints
   • Can be used to create user-defined collations
   • Can be used to create user-defined transformations
   • Can be used to create user-defined triggers
   • Can be used to create user-defined assertions
   • Can be used to create user-defined roles
   • Can be used to create user-defined privileges
   • Can be used to create user-defined constraints
   • Can be used to create user-defined collations
   • Can be used to create user-defined transformations
   • Can be used to create user-defined triggers
   • Can be used to create user-defined assertions
   • Can be used to create user-defined roles
   • Can be used to create user-defined privileges
   • Can be used to create user-defined constraints
   • Can be used to create user-defined collations
   • Can be used to create user-defined transformations
   • Can be used to create user-defined triggers
   • Can be used to create user-defined assertions
   • Can be used to create user-defined roles
   • Can be used to create user-defined privileges
   • Can be used to create user-defined constraints
   • Can be used to create user-defined collations
   • Can be used to create user-defined transformations
   • Can be used to create user-defined triggers
   • Can be used to create user-defined assertions
   • Can be used to create user-defined roles
   • Can be used to create user-defined privileges
   • Can be used to create user-defined constraints
   • Can be used to create user-defined collations
   • Can be used to create user-defined transformations
   • Can be used to create user-defined triggers
   • Can be used to create user-defined assertions
   • Can be used to create user-defined roles
   • Can be used to create user-defined privileges
   • Can be used to create user-defined constraints
   • Can be used to create user-defined collations
   • Can be used to create user-defined transformations
   • Can be used to create user-defined triggers
   • Can be used to create user-defined assertions
   • Can be used to create user-defined roles
   • Can be used to create user-defined privileges
   • Can be used to create user-defined constraints
   • Can be used to create user-defined collations
   • Can be used to create user-defined transformations
   • Can be used to create user-defined triggers
   • Can be used to create user-defined assertions
   • Can be used to create user-defined roles
   • Can be used to create user-defined privileges
   • Can be used to create user-defined constraints
   • Can be used to create user-defined collations
   • Can be used to create user-defined transformations
   • Can be used to create user-defined triggers
   • Can be used to create user-defined assertions
   • Can be used to create user-defined roles
   • Can be used to create user-defined privileges
   • Can be used to create user-defined constraints
   • Can be used to create user-defined collations
   • Can be used to create user-defined transformations
   • Can be used to create user-defined triggers
   • Can be used to create user-defined assertions
   • Can be used to create user-defined roles
   • Can be used to create user-defined privileges
   • Can be used to create user-defined constraints
   • Can be used to create user-defined collations
   • Can be used to create user-defined transformations
   • Can be used to create user-defined triggers
   • Can be used to create user-defined assertions
   • Can be used to create user-defined roles
   • Can be used to create user-defined privileges
   • Can be used to create user-defined constraints
   • Can be used to create user-defined collations
   • Can be used to create user-defined transformations
   • Can be used to create user-defined triggers
   • Can be used to create user-defined assertions
   • Can be used to create user-defined