DEMOCRACY AND DEMOCRATIZATION

1. What is the difference between democratic transition and democratic consolidation? Explain.

2. Explain the theory of democratization provided by Lipset.

3. Explain the theory of democratization provided by O’Donnell and his collaborators.

4. What is the principal difference between procedural and substantive definitions of democracy? Explain.

5. What is the principal difference between representative and direct forms of democracy? Explain.

CHAPTER 7: AUTHORITARIAN REGIMES AND DEMOCRATIC BREAKDOWN

6. Explain authoritarianism. What are key characteristics of it?

7. What distinguishes totalitarianism from other forms of authoritarianism? What are its key characteristics? Provide two country examples of totalitarianism.

8. What are theocracies? What are key characteristics? Provide a country example.

9. What is distinctive about bureaucratic-authoritarian rule, compared to other forms of authoritarianism?

10. Explain the meaning of the phrase “hybrid regime.” What are different ways to call it?

11. Explain the first cause for the rise of authoritarianism discussed in the text.

12. Explain the second cause for the rise of authoritarianism discussed in the text.

13. Explain the third cause for the rise of authoritarianism discussed in the text.

14. Explain the fourth cause for the rise of authoritarianism discussed in the text.

15. Explain the fifth cause for the rise of authoritarianism discussed in the text.

Sample Solution

Different democraticization patterns are frequently used to explain other political occurrences, such as whether a nation enters a war or experiences economic growth. The journey to a more democratic political system, including significant political shifts in that direction, is known as democratization or democratisation. It could be the change from a totalitarian government to a democratic one, from a totalitarian political system to a semi-democratic one, or from a semi-authoritarian political system to a democratic one. The conclusion might be stabilized (like it was in the United Kingdom, for instance), or democratization might experience recurrent setbacks (as happened in Chile).

imilar to the people who are made mindful of their predispositions, man-made consciousness could be taken care of factual inclinations – which might slant the arrangement expected to focus on the result precisely. In this manner, AI could likewise can separate; for instance, after recognizing that country regions might have lower proficiency rates, it might strengthen the Lewis Turning Point circumstance where there is an excess provincial work in the essential and optional area – thus a rising in business immersion of such positions when there are other material work opening accessible or an economy without adjusted development strategies. Regardless of this, while surveying the likely misfortunes to involving Artificial Intelligence as an information investigation program to yield a person’s or alternately company’s inclinations, financial experts could maybe extensive to say that the potential for one-sided information is, for the present, irrelevant comparative with depicting our reality utilizing models.

In the monetary hindrance quite a while back in 2008, the worldwide economy’s financial fixing themes’ negative impacts were amplified, just because of the public authority’s conviction for a starkness – this definitely caused a few fakes in both the banking and securities exchange areas. The failure to control both phony news and cheats inside brain network frameworks inside an economy will be negative the country’s monetary development as the two shoppers and firms nolens volens come up short on certainty to do as such. For instance, in 2018, a couple of unapproved monetary cheats in the UK added to a worth of roughly £844.8 million, in spite of the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS) being held successful in such occasions. Its restrictions are in its capacity to go against fakes calls when there are special changes in human way of behaving; accordingly, the utilization of Artificial Intelligence in financial administrations can be utilized to counter unapproved credit or check cards. By its temperament, computerized reasoning can assist with overseeing monetary establishments short-term by observing any personal conduct standards, distinguishing peculiarities and keep any abnormal changes in the frameworks’ capabilities. Moreover, Artificial Intelligence ranges wides in its utilization because of its capacity of counterfactual reasoning, breaking down the past or authentic occasions and making expected derivations as reactions to such. This would then diminish the chance of such excruciating occasions to happen once more, all the while expanding buyers’ trust in the economy. While it is unquestionable that there are possible restrictions to AI’s purposes, it is at present the best feasible way to deal with invigilating the corrupting spread of phony news, keeping our economy from falling into a more noteworthy break

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