Food intake is a function of energy requirement as determined by body size and physical activity. Adult humans maintain a balance between their energy intake and energy expenditure levels, as demonstrated by the constancy of body weight and body composition. This can be achieved by controlling either energy intake or expenditure. An increase in physical activity results in an increase in food intake to maintain energy balance; however, an increase in energy intake does not result in an increase in energy expenditure through more body movement. Energy expenditure rises above resting energy expenditure when physical activity is performed. The activity-induced energy expenditure varies with the muscle mass involved and the intensity at which the activity is performed: it ranges between 2 and 18 METs approximately.
n a group can alter one’s perception of other individuals, with this effect extending to both ingroup and outgroup members (Hackel, Looser, & Van Bavel, 2014). This includes having a skewed, positive outlook toward one’s ingroup members while inhibiting the extension of empathy and mind perception toward outgroup members (Hackel et al., 2014). Mind perception is the process of attributing a mind to another entity, and is an important mechanism for determining what is not only capable of agency (i.e., taking autonomous actions), but is also capable of feeling emotions, pain, and suffering and thus being afforded empathy (Gray, Gray, & Wegner, 2007).
Group membership can alter one’s perceptions of others in a number of ways. One such way is that membership in a group promotes a positive bias towards members of one’s ingroup over members of an outgroup (Lazerus, Ingbretsen, Stolier, Freeman, & Cikara, 2016; Tanis & Postmes, 2005; Van Bavel, Swencionis, O’Connor, & Cunningham, 2012b; Ziegler & Burger, 2011). Indeed, ingroup membership has been found to promote greater memory for ingroup faces (Van Bavel et al., 2012b). Furthermore, Tanis and Postmes (2005) found that participants afforded greater trust to anonymous individuals when they were told they were ingroup members. Lazerus and colleagues (2016) showed that individuals have a positivity bias when judging the emotional expression of ingroup members that did not emerge for outgroup members. Ziegler and Burger (2011) noted that ingroup membership can alter the amount of cognitive resources afforded to processing individuating information about an ingroup member versus an outgroup member depending on a target’s success (or failure) and the respondent’s mood.
