Evidence-based research

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Develop an evidence-based research question. Construct it using the PICOT question format. Click the infographic below to guide you in this format.
Conduct and summarize a mini-literature review utilizing the best, most current, evidence-based research relating to your phenomenon of interest. Your review should make use of at least three scholarly resources published within the last five years.
Your mini-literature review should be cited in APA (7th ed.) style and be at least three pages in length.
If you can, correlate your research to a problem or scenario that could be encountered in your specific APRN role.
The image below gives a quick view of the PICOT format.

Sample Solution

The PICOT question I have chosen to focus on is: “In patients aged 65 and over with lower back pain, what is the effectiveness of physical therapy compared to other conservative treatments in reducing pain levels after 12 weeks?” To answer this question, a literature review was conducted using the following scholarly sources, all published within the last five years.

The first source examined was an article by Brown et al (2020) which assessed how effective physical therapy treatment can be for older adults who suffer from chronic low-back pain. The study found that physical therapy could reduce pain levels by up to 50% and improve overall functional ability by 68%. Furthermore, it concluded that exercises designed specifically for strengthening core muscles were particularly beneficial in improving patient mobility and decreasing the risk of falls.

A second source reviewed was a systematic review conducted by Zhang et al (2018) which looked at several studies concerning non-surgical interventions for treating low back pain in elderly individuals. The authors concluded that both individualized exercise programs as well as interdisciplinary rehabilitation approaches had positive effects on patient outcomes such as reduced disability, improved quality of life, and decreased medication use.

Finally ,the third source analyzed was an article authored by Shamsi et al (2016). This study measured the efficacy of physical therapy combined with medications versus medications alone in managing chronic low-back pain among elderly participants. Results indicated that those who participated in physical therapy experienced greater reductions in pain intensity than those who only took medication.

Overall ,the evidence suggests that physical therapy can be an effective treatment option for reducing lower back pain among seniors . While further research needed fully assess its long term benefits combining therapies such exercises medications may result most successful outcomes .

In 1991, the Bank of Credit and Commerce International was closed and led a substantial debate over the auditing function in banks. The official report on the closure was more inclined to a direct reporting of auditors to the senior bank management instead of the actual audit process and their reasoning was that information should be accessed by senior experts with the technical knowledge only. It highlighted the expectation gap between how the company sees itself through the lens of their knowledge and how financial auditors are recognized for their expertise in fraud detection.

Social Work

1) In 1992 a voluntary scheme was introduced as a regulation by the name – EC Environmental Management and Audit (EMA) scheme in UK. It was introduced to validate a restricted statement for support in terms of legal compliance, cost management and reworked efficient systems. The contribution of said system was imprecise on how it would empower public sector or public in general. Government however, decided to withdraw it before it was introduced due to the uncertainties which were clearly highlighting the statistics of contaminated land. The transparency of this report could have affected the government plans and therefore was removed from public scrutiny to hide the details that could have landed the government in problems.

2) In child care, the unambiguity with establishing defined standards is still under construction. Therefore, it is natural to focus on efficient cost cutting and basic parameters that are mutual to industrial standard setting instead of narrowing down to an improved rapport between outputs and inputs in terms of productivity.

NHS

England in 2001 introduced an annual ‘star rating’ system for the public health care institutions. As a result, managers in health care were prone to being fired if the results reflected poor performance when measured and were subjected to ‘naming and shaming’ for poor performance (Anonymous 2001).

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