There are a number of reasons why family disruption can impact personality development.

• Loss of a parent or caregiver: When a child loses a parent or caregiver, they may experience grief, sadness, and anger. This can lead to low self-esteem, a sense of loss of control, and behavioral problems.
• Change in family structure: When a family experiences a disruption, such as divorce or separation, the family structure changes. This can be a difficult adjustment for children, as they may have to adjust to new living arrangements, new rules, and new relationships.
• Increased stress: Family disruption can also lead to increased stress for children. This stress can manifest itself in a number of ways, including emotional problems, behavioral problems, and physical problems.
• Lack of support: Children who experience family disruption may not have the same level of support as children who do not experience family disruption. This lack of support can make it more difficult for children to cope with the changes and challenges that they are facing.

The effects of family disruption on personality development can vary depending on a number of factors, including the child’s age, the nature of the disruption, and the child’s coping skills. However, research has shown that children who experience family disruption are more likely to experience low self-esteem, a sense of loss of control, and behavioral problems.

The study you mentioned found that the effects of family disruption on personality development are less detrimental for children who experience the disruption at a younger age. This is likely because younger children are more adaptable and have a greater capacity to cope with change. Additionally, younger children may have more support from their extended family and friends.

Here is one source that supports my position:

• “The Effects of Family Disruption on Personality Development.” By John M. Gottman, Ph.D. and Joan DeClaire.

This article provides a comprehensive overview of the effects of family disruption on personality development. The article discusses the different factors that can contribute to the effects of family disruption, as well as the long-term consequences of family disruption.