General Astronomy

Astronomers have recently found 60 planets orbiting their stars within a zone that may make
them habitable. Choose one of these candidates and present an argument as to whether or not it
is possible that life exists on the planet’s surface, in its atmosphere, or on a moon that may be
circling it. In your discussion, take into consideration factors such as temperature, atmosphere,
and a liquid medium to evolve in. Specifically consider
the length of its year
its temperature
whether or not it is tidally locked to the star, and if so
the effect of atmospheric circulation on habitability
the escape velocity from the planet’s surface given its
its radius R
its mass M (derived from R3 using Earth’s or Jupiter’s density)
the average molecular velocity of various gasses given the planet’s
equilibrium temperature1 as listed or inferred from
the energy the planet receives from this star given
its luminosity and the distance the planet is from the star and
the reflectivity (albedo) of the planet
the lifetime of evolution relative to the lifetime of the habitable zone
UV radiation given the stellar type (derived from the given temperature)

Sample Solution

One of the main reasons of the collapse of the Roman Empire was the over expenditure on the military to constantly fund wars abroad. In order for the Romans to invade and conquer other provinces they had to spend heavily on their legions. The Roman armies and supply lines became over-stretched resulting in thousands of soldiers being recruited and deployed from Rome into other territories as invaders or defenders. They also depended on soldiers to defend the borders of the lands they had conquered from barbarian attacks which resulted in the increased manufacturing of weapons and more money being spent on soldiers. High military spending left the Romans with very limited resources for other essential government projects such as the building of more public houses and the development of roads and aqueducts as well as leading to inflation. The over-expenditure on the military led the citizens of Rome to refuse the policies and laws enforced by the government and riots were commonplace in Rome during its last century. Due to the Roman citizens growing distrust of the Empire less people volunteered to join their armies which forced the military to hire common criminals and non-Roman mercenaries. The government raised taxes to aid their military expenditure which added to the low morale of the Roman population with every citizen losing a third of their weekly wage. The money raised to spend taxes was wasted on soldiers who constantly had to be replaced until the Romans could no longer afford to send large garrisons of troops abroad leaving their own borders poorly defended and vulnerable to attacks. The non-Roman mercenaries were too proud to serve a weakening empire and they began to conquer parts of the Empire as the Romans were unable to afford to send detachments and reserves to reclaim these areas. The city of Rome was left very poorly defended due to the deployment of troops to other provinces within the Empire which were defeated and taken by the barbarians making it considerably easier for them to conquer Rome. In order to ensure their loyalty, the wages of the soldiers were doubled and they were often promised discharge payments such as land or money. The military also spent loads of money on the transport of food and grai

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