e of good governance” (World Bank et al., 2010: 167). All these together imply the importance of equity principle in promoting citizen engagement and democratic accountability.

In the all three core values, democratic accountability provided the foundation for public administrators to represent their constituents. However, as accountability relations flow both upward and outward, resulting in different levels of accountability to specified or general categories of constituents, there is a certain amount of ambiguity concerning representation. Two relevant insights can be extracted. First, the traditional view on democratic accountability has focused on the supply side of governance—the ability of governments to be accountable; however, the dominance of such a top-down approach has recently been questioned. Second, there was very little discussion on the development of an evaluative framework, which could assess the quality of the democratic accountability process. The literature offers the possibility for potential stakeholders, but it does not specify any details regarding who is affected by actions or decisions taken or made by public officials. Thus, it seems likely that the demand side of potential stakeholders was often neglected.

4-2. Neglected future citizens

It is rarely clear exactly (1) whose voices should be represented, and (2) how those voices can be weighted equally. If a long-term view is taken, one can easily infer that the demands of long-term stakeholders have been underestimated. In other words, there has been unresponsiveness, exclusion (or constrictiveness), and inequity associated with or applied to the voices of future citizens. In addition, the NPM model, with its origins in public-choice theory and managerialism, plays a central role in solidifying a short-term orientation and a relatively narrow concept of customer/consumer. Any conception work on the assumptions of narrow self-interested individuals or representatives as only delegates tends to be inevitably tied to “present-oriented by virtue of its reliance on the demands of existing citizens” (Thompson, 2010: 4).

Lewis (2006: 699) urged discussion of public interest and “the roste