• Design for multiple hazards: Infrastructure systems should be designed to withstand a variety of hazards, including natural disasters, cyberattacks, and other disruptions. This can be done by using robust materials and construction methods, and by incorporating redundancy and diversity into the system.
• Use monitoring and early warning systems: Monitoring and early warning systems can help to identify and mitigate potential threats to infrastructure systems. For example, sensors can be used to detect changes in weather conditions that could lead to flooding, and cyberattacks can be detected by monitoring network traffic for malicious activity.
• Implement risk management strategies: Risk management strategies can help to reduce the likelihood and impact of disruptions to infrastructure systems. These strategies can include planning for contingencies, developing response plans, and conducting drills and exercises.
• Use resilient materials and technologies: Resilient materials and technologies can help to improve the ability of infrastructure systems to withstand and recover from disruptions. For example, self-healing concrete can repair cracks and damage, and smart grids can automatically reroute power in the event of a outage.
• Build public-private partnerships: Public-private partnerships can help to pool resources and expertise to improve the resilience of infrastructure systems. These partnerships can also help to share the risks and responsibilities of ownership and operation.

The lessons that can be learned from recent infrastructure disruptions include:

• The importance of redundancy and diversity: Infrastructure systems should be designed with redundancy and diversity to ensure that they can continue to function even if one part of the system is damaged or fails.
• The need for early warning systems: Early warning systems can help to mitigate the impact of disruptions by providing time to evacuate people and property, or to take other protective measures.
• The importance of risk management: Risk management strategies can help to reduce the likelihood and impact of disruptions. These strategies should be tailored to the specific risks faced by each infrastructure system.
• The need for public-private partnerships: Public-private partnerships can help to pool resources and expertise to improve the resilience of infrastructure systems. These partnerships can also help to share the risks and responsibilities of ownership and operation.

By following these principles, infrastructure systems can be made more resilient and better able to withstand and recover from disruptions. This will help to protect critical infrastructure and ensure the continuity of essential services.