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6.1 Introduction

Bangladesh overwhelmingly bears the declaration of Bengal progress with an amalgamation of instructive and social legacy. Bengal had its very own indigenous arrangement of instruction that had been existed from an exceptionally old period. Essential training was then given casually before the origin of any formal or non-formal. The instruction arrangement of Bengal in antiquated and middle age was essentially religious and philosophical commonly. The learning framework step by step changed throughout the hundreds of years due to religio-political change and moving socially from rank based Hinduism to even minded Buddhism and afterward again returning to standard Hinduism, and a while later generally opened Islamic qualities. The instruction framework at that point encountered some sensational changes during the system of pre-frontier, provincial and Pakistani organization.

6.2 Pre-pilgrim Learning to MDGs

The pre-pilgrim time developed with the Pala Dynasty and proceeded up to the Muslim guideline from sixth to mid-eighteenth century. The early training exercises in the locale presently involving Bangladesh began focusing Buddhist religious communities, sanctuaries, stupas and 'most presumably different foundations raised on the peaks, inclines, and feet of the slopes' (Alam and Miah, 1999) .

The arrangement of fundamental instruction drove by the Buddhist Monks was then to a great extent dependent on humanism and resilience, and strict standards of 'Nirbana' as Buddha said 'a definitive predetermination of human spirit' (Barua, 2004:13) . Notwithstanding strict instruction, the Buddhist educators focused on concocting and showing indications of early Bengali letter sets to give as far as anyone is concerned hungry students (Vikkho, 1969) .

As the Orthodox Sena ruler developed during twelfth century, the rank based Sanskrit instruction framework was supplanted with Buddhist training framework. In this period, Pathsalas, a sort of indigenous rudimentary instruction schools developed and were dissipated everywhere throughout the nation. The vernacular rudimentary instruction framework was cooked in Pathsalas by the proficient people of that age know as Pandits. Essential perusing, composing, number-crunching, records, and some strict writing were instructed there existed in any event in the majority of bigger towns (Basu, 1941) . The Pathsalas was overwhelmingly position based with its strict character; the greater part of understudies there were Hindus, however scarcely any Muslims were additionally educated there. Due to socio-social boundaries, female understudies and the low station individuals had scarcely any entrance in the training. Training was then not state run and hence, students needed to pay. So learning was then just an open door for the advantaged to set them up for controlling further employment field.

As per William Ward, a contemporary British eyewitness, Pathsalas were steadily transformed into 'a minor shop', wherein the understudies were set up to go about as a replicating machine by a specific procedure, named as a lithographic procedure (Laird, 1972) . Educators of the Pathsalas were stupid 'poor and uninformed' as William discovered (Basu, 1941) . Instructors had little goals as they were paid ineffectively, and in this manner, the way toward learning was extremely moderate.

Another parallel rudimentary strict instruction guided by Ulemas was common in Bengal in Turkish (Sultani period) and Mughal time (Islamic Scholar). the fundamental Islamic instructive organizations were then Mosques, Maktabs and Madrasahs. All the while, the Hindu sanctuaries were likewise showed through Tols, a sort of rudimentary instruction suppliers. Persian, Arabic, and Urdu were three significant dialects utilized as the vehicle of guidance for Muslims people group following the language of the then rulers (Sanaullah, 1995) . The educational plans were basically focused on Islamic qualities.

6.2.1 Colonial experience of instruction

In the early long periods of its authority over Bengal, the East India Company was for the most part not interested in instruction. From 1757 to 1800, the British attempted to market the ability to satisfy its gathering of riches intention, and in this way, were completely hesitant on the instructive issue. Instruction was not the worries of government. Nearly during the British frontier rule in India, a sort of lack of concern was found with respect to administering class. In an investigation paper of 1872, an English master known as A. Howell referenced that training in Indian subcontinent was first disregarded by the British government, and afterward savagely and effectively contradicted. In the later long periods of British time, the ruler led instruction in a framework presently all around confessed to be wrong lastly the training framework was set on pre-free balance (Cited in Basu, 1941).

Be that as it may, a gathering of teachers had begun to press the administration to supplant the current instructive framework with presenting Western learning before the finish of the eighteenth century. Yet, it was solidly contradicted by the Board of Directors when a proposition was made to the administration of East India Company to take up the activity for getting 'schoolmasters and evangelists' from England (refered to in Basu, 1941).

With the authorization of the Charter Act of 1813, the essential idea of state instruction was first presented in the Indian Subcontinent. The Company government embraced the obligation of training and good improvement of the Indian individuals. Under Charter 1813, the Governor General in Council was obliged to coordinate that 'an entirety at the very least one lakh of rupees in every year will be separate and applied to the restoration and improvement of the educated local Indians', and furthermore for the presentation and advancement of information on sciences among the individuals of India (Laird, 1972) . Be that as it may, allotment of aggregate of one lakh rupees for training was not mandatory. Thus, the final product was nothing generous for the improvement of essential instruction in India (Khatun, 1992) .

Three gives an account of the condition of training in Bengal were put to the pioneer government inside 1835-38 by the British spectator William Adam. The principal report was made based on nation's requirement for essential training, the subsequent report managed the idea of instruction in Rajshahi region, and the third report conveyed a total insights of a few regions in Bengal and Bihar as refered to in Basu (1941). Some important suggestions as Adam says in his reports were — assortment of region insightful data on instruction; presenting reading material in primary languages; execution of the training plan, monitors for each area; framing the Normal educational system; distribution of land as motivating force to empower showing calling; lastly, grants for students through focused assessments.

Tragically, these were just the lip administrations of the British Raj. Nonetheless, some private people and social orders like preachers, Zamindars and British authorities approached, with their own ability to give fundamental instruction to the youthful Indians. Indeed, even some individual officials of the organization, at times, contributed enough for instruction utilizing government subsidize. At the same time, some private activities came into the view to present another sort of training in Bengal at the early long periods of the nineteenth century. Christian teachers and advantaged people, both Indian and European, were such undertakings.

The European Missionaries set up some instructive foundations in Bengal by 1800. A Bengali primary school was opened with 40 young men at Serampore and by September 1804, there were three grade schools in towns of Jessore and another in Dinajpur. The Serampore evangelists sent Owen Leonard to Dhaka in 1816 where he established a Persian school and 15 Bengali primary schools by 1823 as refered to by Laird (1972). The nearby panels monetarily bolstered schools. Not many other Bengali schools were built up in Chittagong, Dinajpur and Jessore regions during the period. The ministers, be that as it may, assessed the instruction must beginning with primary language to train the understudies viably to peruse and compose (refered to in Laird, 1972). Alongside the investigations on basic training, a few measures were additionally taken with respect to the vehicle of guidance, the educational program, and technique for instructing, course books and young ladies' training. A larger part of moderate Muslims in Bengal was first avoided partaking in the new instruction framework and it steadily drove the whole Muslim people group to be 'for all intents and purposes trapped in an entanglement' (Non-formal Education, 1999).

In this manner, the frontier British government saw the need of collaboration from the indigenous English taught individuals who might support them in authoritative and administrative capacities. Wood's Education Dispatch (Islam, NM 2001) first followed the ideological moving from restriction to consolation, which framed the premise of East India Company's training strategy since 1854. To make an appropriately enunciated arrangement of instruction, the Dispatch prescribed due consideration of the administration to create essential training than advanced education. It likewise proposes for dynamic proportions of the administration coordinated towards the training of the mass individuals. Foundation of a different branch of instruction, organizations for preparing of educators, foundation of new center schools with higher thoughtfulness regarding vernacular and indigenous ones were likewise suggested by the Dispatch. To help a rising number of secretly oversaw instructive establishments, it informed development with respect to basic training and presentation of an arrangement of awards in-help. The dispatch drew uncommon consideration of the administration 'to the significance of setting the methods for gaining valuable and down to earth information inside reach of the incredible mass of the individuals (Islam S. 2003) . English was prescribed as the vernacular language at the essential level and the vehicle of guidance for advanced education, the Dispatch proposes.