Historical Issues In Human Research Presentation

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You have just been hired as a Research Assistant for a hospital where you will be working with a team that conducts human research. As a part of your training, you are expected to refresh your understanding of historical issues in human research and how they relate to current research practices. Your supervisor has asked you to create a PowerPoint to demonstrate your understanding of historical issues in human research based. Your presentation will be based on one of the following articles:

Tuskegee Syphilis Study
Mackey-Kallis, S. (2019). Tuskegee experiment. Salem Press Encyclopedia.
Henrietta Lacks
Gabbay, F. H. (2012). An American woman and the right to health. Psychiatry: Interpersonal & Biological Processes, 75(2), 113–119.
Nazi Medical Experiments
Naming the victims of Nazi medicine. (2017). The Lancet, 389(10085), 2182-2183.
Thalidomide
Thomas, K. (2020, Mar 24). Thalidomide’s legacy: [Correction]. New York Times
Instructions
Create a PowerPoint presentation that examines historical issues in human research and how this relates to current research practices. Select one of the articles listed above on the following historical research projects: Tuskegee Syphilis Study, Henrietta Lacks, Nazi Medical Experiments, or Thalidomide Trials.

The presentation should address the following:

Define ethics in human research and identify how ethics are presented in the article.
Explain the background and hypothesis of the historical research project.
Explain the role of the Institutional Review Board (IRB) and note examples of protections for research participants. If there was no IRB, explain how having one could have helped ensure ethical standards were maintained.
Using current principles outlined by the IRB that govern human research, identify the principles that were violated. Provide an explanation regarding the violations and how these violations would have been avoided using current research practices.

Sample Solution

From time to time human beings experience health challenges, whether physical or mental. On its part, medical practice has made considerable progress towards combating or controlling many of these challenges. It is through research that the nature, symptoms and effects of ailments can be ascertained and remedies discovered. There are established ethical principles to protect human participants in biomedical research from undue exploitation by researchers. However, in the “Tuskegee Study” in the US, these principles were grossly violated. The Tuskegee Study raised a host of ethical issues such as informed consent, racism, paternalism, unfair subject selection in research, maleficence, truth-telling and justice, among others.

In 1100, Henry I took on the English throne from his older brother, William II, who had died in a hunting “accident”. By 1124, three sons of Malcom III had reigned over Scotland, and the fourth was on the throne. Alexander I of Scotland had died at his court at Stirling without an heir, and was succeeded by his little brother David. Henry I was essentially a patron to David, as David had spent much of his younger years in exile in England. His beginning as a territorial lord came upon his inheritance of the title “Prince of the Cumbrians,” which was the vast swath of what is nowadays split between northwestern England and southern Scotland. David I’s brother Edgar bequeathed to David this territory in 1099; David was 15 years old. David I was installed as the King of Scotland in 1124, much to the resentment of the native Scots.

Alexander III was King of Scots from 1249 until his untimely death in 1286. His first wife was Margaret Plantagenet of England, the daughter of English King Henry III. During his reign, Scotland enjoyed a time of peace and economic growth which had seen many noble families grow in wealth and power. King Alexander’s heir-apparent was his three-year-old granddaughter and only living descendant: Margaret, Maid of Norway. While the succession of Alexander III was laid out in law by the time of his death, there were two small problems standing in the way of the Maid’s ascension. The first of these was the fact that the “Maid,” contradictory to her title, was only three years old. Secondly, and rather more substantially, was the matter of Alexander’s second wife Yolande of Dreux’s alleged pregnancy. This child would fill the gap in succession that existed directly under Alexander III after the deaths of his children Margaret (1261-1283), Alexander (1264-1284), and David (1272-1281). It is uncertain whether Yolande suffered a miscarriage, the child was stillborn, or if any child really existed at all. What is known is that Margaret, Maid of Norway’s ascension to the throne was all but a certainty.

Scotland’s First Interregnum (1286-1292) was overseen by a regency of two bishops (Glasgow and St Andrews), two high lords (the Lord of Badenoch and the 5th High Steward of Scotland), and two earls (Buchan and Fife). These six men governed Scotland from the death of Alexan

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