Human emotional and psychological development described by psychologist Erik Erikson

that can go back many years and may even result in personal identity loss (Serra, Fadda, Buccione, Caltagirone, and Carlesimo, 2007). In this it is quite easy to see that psychogenic amnesia seems to produce a widespread of cognitive deficits unlike organic amnesia which is typically restricted to memory function (Kumar, Rao, Sunny, and Gangadhar, 2007). Amnesia with an organic onset, on the other hand, does show signs of cerebral sufferance, meaning that there is clear physical evidence that shows that the condition can be linked to damage of the cortical areas of the brain (Serra, Fadda, Buccione, Caltagirone, and Carlesimo, 2007). Even though many cases of amnesia can be quite debilitating, it is not to say that people cannot overcome their condition and lead a successful life like Angie, a 50-year-old woman with profound anterograde amnesia (Duff, Wszalek, Tranel, and Cohen, 2008). Whereas, it could have a completely opposite effect in which the person suffering from some sort of amnesia could be lead to a life of crime and violence, like depicted in the movie Memento. Adding on to the last point, there is one article that points to the fact that psychogenic and organic amnesia can be compared on 4 different levels. These levels include clinical, neuroradiological, neuropsychological and psychopathological features (Serra, Fadda, Buccione, Caltagirone, and Carlesimo, 2007). When taking a look at the clinical aspect it can be seen that in organic amnesia the memory disorder seems to preserve personal identity, basic semantic knowledge and procedural skills, while psychogenic amnesia includes the loss of personal identity and very basic semantic and procedural abilities (Serra, Fadda, Buccione, Caltagirone, and Carlesimo, 2007). In the neuroradiological sense, organic amnesia seems to have a physical cause that is consistent with cerebral damage affecting cortical and/or subcortical areas known to be important in memory, while in psychogenic amnesia damage to the cerebral areas important in memory does not have a clinical or neuroradiological basis (Serra, Fadda, Buccione, Caltagirone, and Carlesimo, 2007). Looking at the neuropsychological aspect it is easy to see that in organic amnesia there is documented impairment in declarative episodic memory with preservation of other memory functions and general intelligence, while in psychogenic amnesia declarative episodic memory is affected along with general intellectual dysfunction (Serra, Fadda, Buccione, Caltagirone, and Carlesimo, 2007). In the psychopathological sense, organic amnesia shows no predisposing psychiatric conditions before the onset of the condition, while in psychogenic amnesia a psychopathological condition is existent before the onset of the condition (Serra, Fadda, Buccione, Caltagirone, and Carlesimo, 2007). Although psychogenic and organic amnesia are on

Sample Solution

The eight stages of human emotional and psychological development proposed by Erik Erikson, a psychoanalyst and developmental psychologist, are important for understanding how individuals develop in society throughout their life span. According to Erikson’s theory, each stage presents an individual with a task or challenge that must be mastered before proceeding to the next stage (Erikson et al., 1997). The first stage is trust versus mistrust which takes place from birth to one year of age. This is when an infant learns whether or not they can rely on the people around them for support and comfort in order to develop trust. The second stage is autonomy versus shame which occurs between two and three years old where children learn basic self-control skills such as potty training. The third stage is initiative versus guilt which happens between three and six years of age when children start exploring the world around them with greater independence while also developing moral values. At ages seven through twelve comes industry versus inferiority where an individual has their first encounters with peer groups at school. The fifth phase identity versus role confusion occurs during adolescence as teens begin forming their own identities separate from their parents’ ideals. Intimacy verses isolation follows during young adulthood when individuals strive for close relationships but may feel inadequate if these attempts fail. Generativity vs stagnation takes place in middle adulthood where adults focus on contributing something meaningful towards future generations as well as creating a legacy for themselves . Last comes integrity vs despair seen in later adulthood which deals with reflecting back upon one's life accomplishments and determining whether they have lived up to its potential (Erikson et al., 1997). It is only after successfully completing all eight stages , according to Erikson , that a person able experience true satisfaction within themselves .