Hypoparathyroid Disease

 

Provide a definition of the pathophysiology to the cellular level and link to the most common signs and symptoms.
Explain the pathophysiologic and anatomic features involved.
What are predisposing conditions and risk factors genetics, gender, ethnicity, age, behavior?

Sample Solution

Hypoparathyroid Disease

Primary hyperparathyroidism (HTP) is defined as abnormal hypersection of parathyroid hormone (PTH), producing hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia. In the face of persistent hypercalcemia, parathyroid hormone levels should be low due to feedback inhibition of the parathyroid glands. Low calcium levels cause many of the symptoms of this condition. They include: muscle aches or cramps; tingling, burning, or numbness in the fingertips, toes, and lips; muscle spasms, especially around the mouth; patchy hair loss; dry skin; and fatigue among others. The parathyroid glands are tiny, round structures usually found embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland. A thick connective tissue capsule separates the glands from the thyroid tissue. Most people have four parathyroid glands, but occasionally there are more in tissues of the neck or chest.

developed nations due to poor management practices.  In the US, an estimated $27b is spent each year to control weeds, mostly on chemical herbicides. Although it is efficient, associated ill-effects on surrounding environment, run-off water bodies, fish, animals and human beings are grossly ignored. Most of the chemicals are not biodegradable thus getting accumulated year by year in the ecosystem.  In order to minimize ecological damage, weed management other than chemical usage is recommended. In this review, the authors highlighted the importance of finding an effective utilization of weeds as an appropriate and effective weed management doing away with current practices of harmful chemical usage. We recommend utilization of weeds in traditional medicines that can create a suitable livelihood options for local communities/tribes as well as minimizing the use of chemical herbicides. A list of 13 edible weeds, 59 medicinal weeds, 14 climbers commonly found in the cultivated estates and 5 weeds cultivated for medicinal purpose are tabulated.  We discuss on the status of few agricultural weeds, due to their ethno medical importance, have been cultivated at commercial scale on par with primary crops thus generating huge income and meeting the needs of industry feedstock.  We conclude the article by recommending that the weed utilization is the best way to management.

Keywords: Herbal, traditional medicine, weeds, weedicides, utilization, sustainable development

Introduction

Weeds are defined as plants found growing in agricultural lands, waste lands, gardens, roadsides and mainly disturbed areas where they do not depend on human intervention for their reproduction and survival1. They are considered as plant pests2 due to their tendencies to reduce biodiversity and promote habitat loss for less competitive species within the same ecosystem3. There are approximately 250,000 species of plants worldwide, of these, approximately 3%, or 8,000 spp. behave as weeds. Weed problems are likely to increase due to increased emphasis on high input agriculture. Globalization would further result in new weed species in spite of strict quarantine regulations and practices.

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