The international legal regime governing liability of carriage of goods by sea is primarily regulated by the Hague-Visby Rules which was adopted in 1968. These rules provide a comprehensive framework for regulating both contractual and tortious liability in maritime commerce (Thampi). According to Article III, carriers are liable for any damage or loss caused during the course of transportation except if they can prove that such loss or damage occurred due to “an act of God, public enemies, fire, perils of the sea…or an inherent defect in the goods” (Art. III). In addition, carriers are also required to adhere to certain safety standards laid out in Article IV as well as comply with time limits under Articles VII and IX.

Furthermore, other international treaties have been implemented to govern specific aspects related to carriage of goods at sea – such as The Hamburg Rules which provides more protection for cargo owners than its predecessor; and The Rotterdam Rules which seek to modernize existing regulations by introducing electronic documentation and standardizing liabilities across different types of transport . Additionally, various court cases have further contributed towards clarifying issues related to carriage including distinguishing between actuals damages (which must be proven) versus presumed damages (due regardless) when it comes determining carrier negligence.

In conclusion, it is evident that there is robust legal framework governing liability of carriage of goods by sea based on statutes and court precedents designed promote safe passage while providing protection from potential losses occurring during transit. As such this international regime helps ensure smooth operations between shipping companies and their customers thus making it an essential part global maritime industry.