Machine Learning & Artificial Intelligence

Describe the usefulness of A.I. in combination with machine learning can provide more good than harm to an
evolving world.
Must be written in APA format.
YouTube original has a short series that provides real life examples around the world of usefulness for A.I.

 

Sample Solution

CAR-T cells are engineered to express synthetic receptors that redirect T-cells to surface antigens for tumor elimination. A CAR is a fusion protein composed of 3 domains. These include an extracellular single chain variable fragment that serves as the target binding domain, a transmembrane spacer domain and an intracellular signaling domain with cytoplasmic proteins that provide T-cell activation signals. These domains allow CAR-T cells to recognize cell surface tumor antigens leading to antigen-specific T-cell activation, proliferation, and cytokine production. Many CARs are also designed with elements that enhance T-cell persistence and activity.

After a CAR is designed, it is introduced into T-cells. Initially, through leukapheresis, peripheral blood mononuclear cells from a patient are collected and the blood is separated into different components. Once the immune cells are sequestered, the CAR constructs are transfected into T-cells using plasmid transfection, mRNA or viral vector transduction. More recent approaches to genetically altered T-cells include gene editing tools like CRISPR that create a double stranded break at a particular site within the genome and introduce the CAR gene. Although complex, this technique minimizes the risk of unrestrained genomic integration. The T-cells are then infused back into the patient.

The benefits of CAR-T-cell therapy include the MHC independent antigen recognition CAR-T cells provide. This lessens the impact of mechanisms used by tumor cells for immune escape such as the downregulation of MHC molecules. CAR-T-cells can also be used in patients regardless of their specific human leu

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