Describe the usefulness of A.I. in combination with machine learning can provide more good than harm to an
evolving world.
Must be written in APA format.
YouTube original has a short series that provides real life examples around the world of usefulness for A.I.
CAR-T cells are engineered to express synthetic receptors that redirect T-cells to surface antigens for tumor elimination. A CAR is a fusion protein composed of 3 domains. These include an extracellular single chain variable fragment that serves as the target binding domain, a transmembrane spacer domain and an intracellular signaling domain with cytoplasmic proteins that provide T-cell activation signals. These domains allow CAR-T cells to recognize cell surface tumor antigens leading to antigen-specific T-cell activation, proliferation, and cytokine production. Many CARs are also designed with elements that enhance T-cell persistence and activity.
After a CAR is designed, it is introduced into T-cells. Initially, through leukapheresis, peripheral blood mononuclear cells from a patient are collected and the blood is separated into different components. Once the immune cells are sequestered, the CAR constructs are transfected into T-cells using plasmid transfection, mRNA or viral vector transduction. More recent approaches to genetically altered T-cells include gene editing tools like CRISPR that create a double stranded break at a particular site within the genome and introduce the CAR gene. Although complex, this technique minimizes the risk of unrestrained genomic integration. The T-cells are then infused back into the patient.
The benefits of CAR-T-cell therapy include the MHC independent antigen recognition CAR-T cells provide. This lessens the impact of mechanisms used by tumor cells for immune escape such as the downregulation of MHC molecules. CAR-T-cells can also be used in patients regardless of their specific human leu