Main concerns driving efforts to rebuild European countries

 

1. After World War II, what were the three main concerns driving efforts to rebuild European countries?

2. Explain James Sheehan’s concept of the “Civilian State.” How did the rise of the civilian state assist in the development of the European Union?

3. Briefly explain how the European Union (Communities) began. Which were the original founding members? Why these countries? Why didn’t other countries participate?

4. What were the first institutions of European integration and what were their purposes? Why did European leaders focus on integration in these areas and not others?

5. Who were some of the principal figures in the founding of the different “communities?” What was their background?

6. What were the possible ways considered by the principal figures to pursue European integration. Which options did they pursue/not pursue, and why?

7. What does it mean to say that the EU is more than an Intergovernmental Organization and less than a Supranational Authority?

8. Consider Neo-Functionalism, Liberal Intergovernmentalism and Federalism. Explain the factors each approach identifies as the main driver of integration.

9. What is Leon Lindberg’s concept of spillover, and how does it apply to the EU?

10. How does Simon Hix challenge the way European integration is understood?

 

Sample Solution

Introduction:
Malaria is a life-threatening disease and is widespread in the tropical and subtropical regions mainly around the equator. Malaria is a protozoan disease and transmitted through infected female anopheles mosquitoes. There are five Plasmodium species which can infect human beings namely Plasmodium falciparum (Pf), Plasmodium vivax (Pv), Plasmodium malariae (Pm), Plasmodium ovale (Po) and Plasmodium knowlesi (Pk). In India, Pf and Pv are equally contributing to the malaria burden in the country, but a gradual increase in Pf cases is observed since last five years. According to NVBDCP, around 0.88 million malaria cases were reported in India and amongst them 0.46 million are Pf cases as it is more virulent (NVBDCP 2013). The highest number of malaria cases reported in India were from Odisha (25.6%) followed by Chhattisgarh (13.3%), Jharkhand (11.6%), Madhya Pradesh (8.7%), Gujarat (6.7%), Maharashtra (5.2%), other states (14.3%) and North Eastern states, which contributes 8.3% malaria cases in the country (NVBDCP-2013).
In the past, chloroquine (CQ) was effective for treating nearly all malaria cases. However, CQ resistance of Pf was first reported in Assam, India in 1973 (Sehgal et al.1973) and number of studies until 1977 indicated widespread presence of CQ resistance Pf in Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram and Nagaland. Since then drug resistance has been reported from several other parts of the country (Dua et al; 2003, Baruah et al; 2005, Valecha et al; 2009).
Epidemiological studies have also confirmed the association of CQ resistance with a mutation in the transporter gene pfcrt. The amino acid substitution at pfcrt codon 76 (K to T) have shown a determinant association with the resistant phenotype (Lopes et al.1993, Babiker et al. 2001). The transporter for CQ resistance is located in the membrane of the food vacuoles where CQ is suggested to act by binding to hematin, a toxic by-product from the digestion of hemoglobin, thereby preventing synthesis of non-toxic hemozoin (Fitch et al. 1998, Bray et al. 1998).

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