molecular & Organismal Evolution

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COVID-related molecular evolution analysis of the Human Gene ACE-2

 

1. Background reading

 

The 1000 Genomes Project Consortium. 2015. A global reference for human genetic variation. Nature 526: 68-74.

Danecek P, Auton A, Abecasis G, Albers CA, Banks E, DePristo MA, Handsaker RE, Lunter G, Marth GT, Sherry ST, McVean G, Durbin R, 1000 Genomes Project Analysis Group. 2011. The variant call format and VCFtools. Bioinformatics App Note 27: 2156-2158.

Gheblawi M, Wang K, Viveiros A, Nguyen Q, Zhong J-C, Turner AJ, Raizada MK, Grant MB, Oudit GY. 2020. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2: SARS-CoV-2 Receptor and Regulator of the Renin-Angiotensin System. Circulation Research, 126(10):1456-1474

Hoffmann M, et al. 2020. SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor. Cell, 181(2):271-280.e8

David A, Khanna T, Beykou M, Hanna G, Sternberg MJE. [Preprint]. Structure, function and variants analysis of the androgen-regulated TMPRSS2, a drug target candidate for COVID-19 infection. bioRxiv, accessed 10SEP20, DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.26.116608

Sriram K, Insel P, Loomba R. May 14, 2020. What is the ACE2 receptor, how is it connected to coronavirus and why might it be key to treating COVID-19? The experts explain. The Conversation.

http://www.internationalgenome.org/home (Links to an external site.) .

https://www.illumina.com/company/news-center/feature-articles/illumina-to-sequence-genomes-for-new-uk-wide-covid19-study.html (Links to an external site.)

 

Question 1.1. What is the 1000 genomes project?

Question 1.2. What are the super populations and sub-populations that contributed genomic DNA to the 1000 genomes project?

Question 1.3. Why are the ACE2 and TMPRSS2 human genes of interest when it comes to understanding the severity of covid infection?

 

Sample Solution

Molecular evolution is concerned with the molecular mechanisms that underpin evolution. This chapter begins by explaining how organic matter came to be on our planet. Next, we’ll look at the emergence of informational macromolecules and the RNA world scenario for the genesis of life. The primary routes of evolution can be studied by comparing DNA sequences once DNA has assumed its position as the key genetic material. The mechanisms for the emergence of new genes and proteins are examined. Both ribosomal RNA sequences for ancient associations and mitochondrial DNA sequences for recent divergences are used as molecular clocks to study evolution. The three kingdoms of life (Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes) are discussed in terms of their links and beginnings.

The morning meal grain industry in the United Kingdom adds up to US$2,813m in 2021. The market is relied upon to develop every year by 1.18% (CAGR 2021-2025). The Breakfast Cereals portion incorporates muesli and other grain-based breakfast items, for example, corn drops and oats. Despite the fact that inclinations across Europe and North America differ, breakfast grains are typically eaten with milk or yogurt. (Statista, 2021) In Figure 1, On noticing the income changes over the course of the years for the morning meal cereal industry from 2013 to extended incomes in 2025, we can see that while there was an enormous 12.6% rate development from 2019 (US $2583m) to 2020 (US $2908m). This can be ascribed to the way that as more individuals were isolated inside there was a resulting ascend in breakfast oat buy. In any case, there was a % drop of 3.2% from 2020 to 2021, as the episode spread and affected retail creation of oats from one side of the planet to the other. Be that as it may, things have improved and there is persistent extended development till 2025. (Statista, 2021)

Figure 1

Starting at 2019, assuming we notice the key market players in the business, we can see that Kellogg’s is the most prevailing player in the market by brand inclination (Statista, 2021).

Its items are made in 18 nations and sold in excess of 180 nations. For over 100 years, Kellogg’s has been an innovator in wellbeing and sustenance through giving shoppers a wide assortment of food items. These are intended to be essential for a fair eating regimen and meet the various preferences of customers. Kellogg’s spotlights on feasible development.

This is helped by the way that on a worldwide stage, in 2020, Kellogg’s was the fifth most significant food brand around the world, hitting $6789 Million in income that year (Figure 2). (Finance, 2020)

Figure 2

Generally speaking, grains are up £103.5m on account of lockdown and the subsequent expansion in at-home morning meals.

PESTLE
This pestle examination of Krave clarifies how different political, financial, socio-social, mechanical, lawful and natural figures that influence it the current worldwide market.

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