Pharmacology

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Jessica has used Nurofen Gel to ease her aching muscles. Discuss the benefits of this route of administration over an oral capsule in providing a higher bioavailability of the drug. (4 marks)

Discuss the importance of the half-life of a drug. What is the estimated half-life of ibuprofen (the active ingredient in Nurofen gel)? Using this estimate, calculate the amount of time it would take to achieve steady-state concentration and explain the importance of achieving steady state. (3 marks)

Sample Solution

Pharmacology

Drug half-life (t1/2) is defined as the amount of time required for the drug concentration to be reduced to exactly half its initial concentration or amount in the blood. The half-life of the drug is useful in determining the dosing frequency. Ibuprofen was originally developed as an anti-rheumatic drug in 1961 and was first introduced by prescription 1969 in Great Britain. As an NSAID, ibuprofen is a non-selective inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2). Ibuprofen is rapidly absorbed, reaching peak serum levels one to two hours after administration, and has a half-life of 1.8 to two hours. It can take up to 24 hours to completely rid your system of ibuprofen.

fact that evil plagues this world in multitude and enormity consolidates the foundation of atheism. There are four versions of this argument. The first version of the argument from evil comprises of three premises.

  • The first premise asserts that if God must exist as a supreme being worthy of worship then He must be a being attributed with all power, knowledge and goodness .
  • The second premise argues that if God is all-PKG then the existence of evil is impossible.
  • The third premise asserts that evil is present in the world.

The deduction from these three premises is evident and logical that is “There is no God”. The deduction is built on the foundation of the logical thought course that states that if an all-PKG exists then He is powerful enough to stop evil, He is knowing enough to distinguish right from wrong and He is good enough to He should wish to prevent evil. However, evil still persists and prevails therefore the concept of an all PKG God is baseless and untrue.

II. Rejecting the First Version of Argument from Evil

A. Rejecting the First Premise

The three premises of first version reject the concept of an all-PKG God in unison and co-dependence. Furthermore, these premises employ sound logic which makes this argument undeniably valid. Therefore, to falsify the deduction and conclusion of these three premises, any one of the three premises needs to be rejected . The first premise is regarded as the definition of God by many. If it is indeed the definition of God, then rejecting it would mean to reject the notion that God exists. However, if we perceive it as a theory rather than a strict definition, then it would mean to reject the notion of God being all-PKG not His existence entirely . For example, in accordance with rejecting the first premise, Greeks did not believe their Gods to be all powerful. Manichaeism and Zoroastrian religions also don’t hold the belief of an all-powerful God. But even by rejecting first premise as a theory, the theistic concepts and beliefs of many religions who deem God as the Almighty and Omnipotent are disrupted.

B. Rejecting the Third Premise

If we reject the third premise it would mean to reject the presence of evil. The argument from evil describes evil to have two kinds; natural and human-controlled . Natural evil governs the suffering inflicted upon mankind by natural disasters like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and tsunamis etc. Human controlled evil refers to the suffering

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