Physicians office with complaints of urinary frequency

 

Ms. Z presents to her physicians office with complaints of urinary frequency, burning on urination and she has a low grade fever. The physician informs her she has a urinary tract infection. (UTI).

What 5 factors obtained in her health history might predispose her to a UTI? (5 points)

Why do women have more UTI’s than men? (3 points)

What is the most common bacteria found as the cause of a UTI? (2 points)

Describe the morphologic appearance of a bladder with a urinary tract infection?

What are the morphologic differences between a mild infection and more advanced cases?

(5 points)

What laboratory studies would indicate a UTI and what treatment might you expect this patient to receive? (5 points)

Sample Solution

Physician’s office with complaints of urinary frequency

A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection in any part of your urinary system – your kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. Most infections involve the lower urinary tract – bladder and urethra. One in five women will have at least one UTI in her lifetime (The National Kidney Foundation). After you have had one, your risk for having recurrent UTIs increases with each UTI you have. And 27 percent of women have more than two UTIs every year (The National Kidney Foundation). Why are women at risk? Anatomy is the most likely culprit. Women are more likely to develop UTIs because they have a shorter urethra than men (National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases). Bacteria don’t have to travel very far to reach and infect a woman`s bladder. Plus, the opening to the urethra is closer to the rectum, where the bacteria that can cause these infections live.

Despite these findings, a final appeal to the supreme court reversed the decision regarding the police ‘immunity’; positing that they do indeed owe a duty of care. The rationale behind the revised decision is based upon the findings that ‘Hill v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire’ was misunderstood during the first hearing. The defenced used this case to argue that police were immune to negligence liability. However, the case never stated this as fact, it instead referred police to being liable in tort as a direct result of acts or omissions, including those during operational conduct. The final appeal resulted in the law being changed to: if a third party is injured due to a negligent arrest, the police are liable if the injury was a reasonably foreseeable outcome of the officer’s actions. This impacted the case, due to the officers accepting that there was risk involved, and that it was reasonably foreseeable that the suspect would resist arrest; evident from the police officers request for backup. Therefore, the outcome of the case led to the claimant being owed a duty of care from the police officers. However, the claim would only be subjected to the police as an authority, rather than the officer who directly caused the injury.

A duty of care has been an established legal process that has been developed from the Donoghue V Stevenson act, alongside the Caparo V Dickman case, a test to decide who owes a duty of care was developed. However, this found not to be fully comprehensive, as highlighted in its lack of approval in the Robinson case. The ‘Robinson v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire’ case, has impacted the development of a duty of care in the law of negligence. From the verdict of this case, police shall no longer be deemed as ‘immune’ to public, rather there shall be exceptional circumstances to consider before determining if they are liable. The foreseeable risk that is required, would now be expected to be analysed prior to making decisions. If it has showed that a risk assessment has been made and the police still follow through with their actions, and this is the cause of personal injury they will then be liable. However, it is still inconclusive how this will truly impact other cases in the future, and whether analogous shall be taken to the supreme court as well.

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