Project Management

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Project Management What are secondary compounds? Secondary compounds are complex chemicals made by plants that are not essential to the life of the plant. They are thought to be produced primarily as pesticides and anti-grazing agents, but they also used as pigments, hormones and chemical agents that can attack other plants (alleleopathy). What is echinacoside? Echinacoside is a caffeic acid glycoside which is constituted from a trisaccharide consisting of two glucose and one rhamnose moieties glycosidically linked to one caffeic acid and on hydroxytyrosol residue at the centrally situated rhamnose. Echinacoside is the basic component of the roots of E. angustifolia and E. Pallida, ranging from 0.5 to 1.0%. It is reported to possess the immunostimulatory and high antioxidant activities.

The advantages of pH-sensitive nanoparticles over other nanoparticles include: (a) the majority of carriers have been used as enteric-coating materials for a long time, and their safety has been approved. (b) The carriers show rapid drug release and then high drug concentration gradient as they undergo quick dissolving at definite pH and definite sites. The phenomenon is beneficial for the drug absorption. (c) They improve drug absorption comparing to the other conventional nanoparticles as they turn from the solid state to the hydrogel state at certain dissolution pH and so, the bioadhesion of the carrier to the mucosa becomes greater at specific fragment. (d) The drug stability can be enhanced more effectively using pH sensitive nanoparticles. Different materials can be used for preparation of pH-sensitive nanoparticles: a- pH-sensitive nanoparticles prepared from polyanions: Such as Eudragits and HPMC phthalate. b- pH-sensitive nanoparticles prepared from publications: Chitosan is the main cationic polymer used to prepare pH-sensitive nanoparticles. It is the second most plentiful polymer in nature after cellulose. c- pH-sensitive nanoparticles prepared from the mixture of polyanions and polycations: Some techniques have been improved using the advantages of both polyanions and polycations [97,108, 113-116]. Most of the nanoparticle systems related consist of the positive-charged chitosan and a negative-charged polymer, such as Eudragit [97, 115, 117], poly (g-glutamic acid) [113, 114, 116]