Protestant Reformation

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a. *Discuss the five landmarks that you consider most important to the phenomenon known as the Protestant Reformation. Why and how were these significant?

b. *Describe the ways in which the Northern Renaissance differed from that of Italy, making comparisons between the landmarks that characterized each.

c. *Surveying the culture of Northern Europe in the sixteenth century, select those landmark events, techniques, genres, and styles that have most deeply influenced and/or survived into our own time.

 

Part 2 Use the following to define (4) the terms below. (5 points each) Do not write over 300 words per answer. (No word minimum required) Please use a separate sheet of paper. Your answers should be succinct and accurate and include the following:
S tate
E laborate
I llustrate
E xemplify

STATE: Define/discuss, in your own words, each term listed below. If it is a person, briefly
state their contribution to the world.

ELABORATE: Elaborate on what were the causes of this art movement. If it is a person,
discuss in more depth what this person did for their time as well as ours
currently.

ILLUSTRATE: Discuss how this movement or person changed the way we think today or how
they changed the thinking of their world (if their contribution was immediately
felt during their time).

EXEMPLIFY: Give examples.

TERMS: Chapters 8 & 10
Christian humanism moveable type lay piety
indulgences predestination Anabaptist
woodcut engraving genre painting
triptych utopia essay
Armada blank verse soliloquy
kubuki Nö drama
mannerism foreshortening commonwealth
camera obscura sun-king absolutism
illusionistic academy neoclassicism
aristocratic portrait dynamics tonality
chromatic scale polychoral opera

Sample Solution

Protestant Reformation

Reformation, also called Protestant Reformation, the religious revolution that took place in the Western church in the 16th century. Its greatest leaders undoubtedly were Martin Luther and John Calvin. Having far-reaching political, economic, and social effects, the Reformation became the basis for the founding of Protestantism, one of the three major branches of Christianity. The five landmarks in the Protestant Reformation that were significate were Martin Luther; the 95 theses; the printing press; the translation of the bible into German; and Calvinism. Martin Luther is the primary source for beginning the Protestant Reformation. Luther publicly criticized the Catholic Church and its authority. His teachings at the University of Wittenberg showed the sinful ways of Christianity.

The influence of the Keynesian stabilization policies included stretching the post-1945 growths and averting extreme economic recessions (Romer,C 1992). It is apparent that the increased impact and spread of Keynesianism can be credited to a conservative opinion that economic stability during the post-war era was quite higher than in the pre-1914 era, which was depicted by the Keynesian revolution in economic strategies. The point is that the rise of Keynesianism is credited to incomparable economic success during the period between the end of the second World War and 1973 industrial market economies. This was because Keynesianism emphasized the significance of fiscal policy, which caused in the perfected economic execution during the “Golden Age” epoch (Atesoglu, H.1999).
Great functioning can be accredited to an intensification in the liberalization of the universal trade and transactions, uplifting economic strategies that led to minimal inflation rates in terms of buoyant aggregate demand, the amplified governmental support of buoyant internal demand, and the accretion of growth potentialities after the end of the second World. For example, GDP per capita in Western Europe augmented by 4.08 per cent during 1950-1973, the growth and expansion were seen in centrally designed economies, such as Africa , Latin America, and Asia.
The “Peak” of unrivaled economic success finished after 1973, with the economic stagnation of the 1970s steering to the fall of Keynesianism. The 1970s stagnation was described by the rising rates of inflation and unemployment, and the cut-rate of economic growth. According to Keynesian criticizers, the economic stagnation credited to the erroneous expansionary strategies embraced under the disguise of Keynesian economy. For example, from 1960 until 2002, average unemployment and inflation rates were extremely low. During 1983 until 1993, the inflation decreased, but unemployment rates were up in most countries, specifically in Western Europe, which credited to hysteresis outcomes and rigidities in the labor market (Guillermo & Rodrigo 2008, 147). In the recent period of 1994-2002, it is obvious that inflation rates were minimal, but unemployment rates have raised in Western Europe and dropped in America. It is only around 1973-1983 that high inflation and high unemployment rates were recorded instantaneously. This was described as stagflation. According to Keynesianism criticizers stagflation was an inevitable inheritance of demand managem

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