Sample Solution
One psychological disorder that is listed in the DSM-V is Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD). This condition affects an individual’s behavior and thoughts and can cause significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning. It typically presents itself with two main components: obsessions which are reoccurring intrusive thoughts or images that cause anxiety; and compulsions which are behaviors or mental acts performed to reduce the distress caused by these obsessive thoughts (NIMH 2020).
For instance a person suffering from OCD might experience persistent intrusive worries about germs leading them to constantly wash their hands throughout the day as a way to combat this fear. Furthermore, some individuals may develop rituals like checking doors multiple times before leaving the room due to unfounded suspicion that something bad will happen if they don’t do so.
Another common symptom associated with this disorder is its difficulty in controlling these impulses despite of the knowledge on how unreasonable they may be; people with OCD can recognize their worry/actions irrational but still feel compelled to follow through on them anyway (APA 2013) .
All together then it is clear just how disruptive symptoms of OCD can really be for those affected by it. Although treatments such as psychotherapy & medications exist there is no guaranteed cure for the disorder since everyone experiences it differently making recovery process unique in each person.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is a psychological disorder characterized by excessive, uncontrollable and often irrational worry about everyday things that is disproportionate to the actual source of worry. Symptoms of GAD include restlessness or feeling on edge, difficulty concentrating or mind going blank, irritability, muscle tension, sleep issues such as insomnia or difficulty falling asleep. Other symptoms can include fatigue and difficulty controlling the worry. People with GAD may also experience physical symptoms such as sweating, trembling, nausea and dizziness.
The basic aim of the personalized medicine is applying right therapy to the right population of people by defining disease at the moecular level. So, identifying differences among the individuals support the new treatment methods and pharmaceutical companies to develop new cancer drugs. Patients who have similar clinical outcome and histological tumor type can give different response to the same drug(17). Prediction of who will be a nonresponders reduces the harmfull effect of drug on nonresponders like a potential toxic effect of drug and cost effect. Also when drug companies develop new drug, they focus on the patient population that benefit from drug to increase positive responds(17).
U.S. Food and Drug Administration bringed development about targeted therapy. For example, to treat chronic myeloid leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumor(18) ,imatinib mesylate is used and to treat breast cancer(19), trastuzumab (Herceptin) is used. Molecular characteristics of these cancer types that are abnormal protein tyrosine kinase activity in chronic myeloid leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumor and HER-2 receptor in breastcancer is used as a predictive biomarker. By using these markers only individuals which have these molecular alteration is selected and it means they are favorable for the treatment. Using this way some cancer types’ survival rate is shifted from 0 to 70%(17).
This application is used in non-small cell lung cancer treatment with using of mutations screeing. In this cancer type mutation occurs in kinase domain of EGFR. Gefitinib (Iressa) and erlotinib are tyrosine kinase inhibitors drug are used to treat and patients give a higher response to the treatment(20). Also if patient that is never smoked Asian females have adenocarcinomas, these drugs efficient on them(21). On the other hand, if the mutatuions occur at downstream effector KRAS, patient is resistant to to erlotinib(22). Also mutations that is at KRAS have a resistance to cetuximab (Erbitux) and panitumumab (Vectibix) drugs in colon cancer patients. If the KRAS is wild type, these these drugs is effective on the patients(23). These responses that are specific and different are based on molecular profile. Some molecular test are done before the using of cetuximab or panitumumab to a colon cancer patient. Lung and colon cancer is concerned with targeted therapy that is guide to patient about treatment by understanding the structure of cancer(24).
Pharmacogenomics and treatment safety
Genes that have genetical variation encode enzymes which metobolize drug, drug transporters, or drug targets. Variation in genes that can predict dose and safety of treatment for different types of cancer patient can have harmful influence on these patients’ treatment(25). For instance, polymorphism where in cytochrome P450 enzymes could cause to metabolite to drug slowly or very fast. So patient give an overdose symptoms or no response to drug by changing the pharmacokinetics of drug metabolism, also it may cause an adverse drug reaction(26). Thereby , forecasting optimal dose of drug , inducing the harmful side effects can be provided by using polymorphism(27). In familial breast cancer, patients shows low survival rate to treatment with tamoxifen that is chemotherapeutic drug because of genetic variation in CYP2D6 that is seen as a poor metabolizer (28). There are some studies abour genetic testing on drug label including test for CYP450 polymorphisms.
Prognosis
Insteaf of using clinicopathologic parameters as a biomarker in biochemical testing for prognosis and selection of therapatic way for cancer patient , Genotyping or gene expression profiling by microarray and protein analysis by mass spectrometry is used for prognostic biomarkers with the understanding of the molecular mechanism of cancer subtypes(29).
Biomarkers can be used alone or with combination of other parameters for classify subgroups according to their risk rate and for leading to therapy decision. For example, tissue microarray analysis with combining molecular and clinical biomarker is more efficient than the clasical cl
