A pretest posttest design is an experiment where measurements are taken both before and after a treatment. The design means that you are able to see the effects of some type of treatment on a group. Pretest posttest may be quasi-experimental, which means that participants are not assigned randomly. Domestic violence is on the rise. Quasi-experimental research can be used in a group of offenders. This group therapy will be applied once a week for 8 weeks. Then collect results by using a questionnaire for self-esteem, anger, stress coping and communication. The scores showed statistically significant improvement from pre to post therapy. This group therapy was effective in improving the self-esteem, anger, stress coping and communication in offenders of domestic violence.
Why Our Ancestors Started to Walk on Two Feet
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Around 6,000,000 years prior, our predecessors started to stroll on two feet as opposed to going on four feet. Bipedalism, the demonstration of moving about on two back appendages or legs, has been seen in different species all through advancement. Did it make those species more astute? Obviously not. In any case, in this exposition, the undertaking will investigate the different reasons why our progenitors began being bipedal creatures rather than the typical four-limbed walkers. The most acknowledged hypothesis is that environmental change provoked our initial selves to rise up to see past the tall grass of the savanna for predators, to flee quicker from aggressors, and furthermore to walk further separations simpler. Another hypothesis recommends that we started the way toward being bipedal so as to stroll between trees simpler and to gather nourishment in treetops without breaking a sweat, for example, orangutans now and then do. But different hypotheses propose that strolling on two legs came about in light of the fact that new chasing methodologies, and furthermore a transformative adjustment to managing African warmth.
Broadly expounding on the prevailing hypothesis of why we got bipedal, atmosphere appears the most sensible factor now. As indicated by the BBC, “Bipedalism appeared well and good in a domain where trees were uncommon. Standing up permits you to see over long grass to check for predators and prey. The hereditary people who were best at standing would have been bound to endure and pass on their qualities, so it is anything but difficult to envision how characteristic choice could have brought about a continuous move from basically standing up quickly to forever moving around in an upstanding stance” (Gray, Richard). Nonetheless, this hypothesis has issues, as the atmosphere changed drastically in Africa throughout ages. In spite of the fact that savannas were made, they some of the time returned into forested territories. It is conceivable that our precursors began to stroll on two legs and never thought back, notwithstanding environmental change changing the scene after some time again into a rich backwoods and go into a savanna.
Another hypothesis places that we began to stroll on two legs in trees, much like our cousins, the orangutan. As per a report called Origin of Human Bipedalism As an Adaptation for Locomotion on Flexible Branches, “Orangutans respond to branch adaptability like people running on springy tracks, by expanding knee and hip expansion, while all other primatesdothe invert. Human bipedalism is consequently less an advancement than an abuse of a locomotor conduct held from the normal incredible chimp progenitor” (Thorpe, S. K. S., et al.). Thus, this hypothesis says that being bipedal is a considerably more old practice than we regularly might suspect, and that its utilization began because of our progenitors competing for additional approaches to assemble nourishment and to navigate the woodland overhang.
Despite the fact that our precursors didn’t begin chasing with weapons until a lot after we began to stroll on two feet, a few specialists state that is one of the fundamental reasons we took to being bipedal all the more promptly. In spite of the fact that this hypothesis was embraced by Charles Darwin at first, it has been end up being a likely piece of the procedure of people getting bipedal. Without a doubt, standing and strolling on two feet fits greater adaptability and capacity to toss weapons at predators or prey (Gray, Richard).
At long last, a few hypotheses point to adjusting to warm as one reason we began to stroll on our rear legs. Expressed by a report named Human movement and warmth misfortune: a developmental point of view, “… on the grounds that bipedal hominins are essentially moderate sprinters, early hominins in open territories likely profited by improved capacities to dump heat so as to scavenge securely during times of pinnacle heat when predators couldn’t chase them. Perseverance running capacities advanced later, likely as adjustments for searching and afterward chasing. Provided that this is true, at that point there would have been solid choice for heat-misfortune components, particularly perspiring, to perseverance chase, in which trackers join continuance running and following to drive their prey into hyperthermia” (Lieberman, D.E.). In this way, our old predecessors created systems to lessen physical warmth to endure and perform assignments all the more productively.
Taking a gander at all of these reasons, it isn’t hard to expect that it was maybe a blend of these elements that made our ancient selves stand upstanding. Other than environmental change, needing to cross treetops no sweat, new chasing methodologies, and warmth adjustment, there may be various other significant motivations to consider. We may never know without a doubt, yet we do realize that turning out to be bipedal helped us in advancing into who we are today.
Works Cited
Dark, Richard. “Earth – The Real Reasons Why We Walk on Two Legs, and Not Four.” BBC News, BBC, 12 Dec. 2016, www.bbc.com/earth/story/20161209-the-genuine reasons-why-we-stroll on-two-legs-and-not-four.
Thorpe, S. K. S., et al. “Inception of Human Bipedalism As an Adaptation for Locomotion on Flexible Branches.” Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1 June 2007, science.sciencemag.org/content/316/5829/1328.
Lieberman, D E. “Human Locomotion and Heat Loss: an Evolutionary Perspective.” Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports., U.S. National Library of Medicine, Jan. 2015, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25589265.
