. Discuss the idealism of French landscape painting by Nicolas Poussin and Claude Lorrain during the Baroque period and compare two of their paintings. Discuss the similarities and differences in their work.
French landscape painting during the Baroque period focused on idealized views of nature that were heavily influenced by classical ideals and the ideology of Neoplatonism. Two renowned French painters from this era, Nicolas Poussin and Claude Lorrain are particularly famous for their depictions of pastoral scenes which sought to capture grandeur divine power through use of carefully composed elements such as mountains, trees, rivers or clouds (Kleiner & Mamiya 2017).
For instance, let us compare two paintings both artists created: Poussin’s “The Arcadian Shepherds” and Lorrain’s “Seaport at Sunset”. Firstly it can be seen that despite being different genres – i.e., one depicting interior setting while other is maritime-style piece – both works still convey similar sense of peacefulness/tranquility due to how the colors used seamlessly blend into each other creating harmonic atmosphere.
Secondly these two artworks also pay homage to classical mythology by featuring symbols like lyres or temples (in case Poussin); thus drawing attention towards larger spiritual aspects of life which is so often lost in sight in more mundane everyday activities. Finally, their picturesque backgrounds hint towards possibility of achieving perfect harmony between man vs nature if individuals just take time to appreciate natural beauty around them (Kleiner & Mamiya 2017).
Thus overall it is clear that French landscape painting during Baroque period provides us with visual representation of artistically inspired interpretation of human relationship with nature where subject matter takes precedence over any extraneous details allowing viewers to experience uncontaminated beauty in its purest form.
Nicolas Poussin and Claude Lorrain were two of the most influential French landscape painters during the Baroque period. Both artists had a strong interest in classical idealism which is evident in their works. In particular, both sought to emulate the classical styles of painting from ancient Rome and Greece by emphasizing linearity, perspective, and harmony with nature.
Although both painters shared a common understanding of idealism in their works, there are subtle differences between the two. Poussin’s landscapes often have an ordered composition with precise perspectives that convey a sense of control over nature while Lorrain tends to portray nature as being more chaotic or unpredictable. This can be seen clearly in comparison between two paintings – “Landscape with Polyphemus” (1649) by Poussin and “Seaport at Sunset” (1646) by Lorrain.
The basic aim of the personalized medicine is applying right therapy to the right population of people by defining disease at the moecular level. So, identifying differences among the individuals support the new treatment methods and pharmaceutical companies to develop new cancer drugs. Patients who have similar clinical outcome and histological tumor type can give different response to the same drug(17). Prediction of who will be a nonresponders reduces the harmfull effect of drug on nonresponders like a potential toxic effect of drug and cost effect. Also when drug companies develop new drug, they focus on the patient population that benefit from drug to increase positive responds(17).
U.S. Food and Drug Administration bringed development about targeted therapy. For example, to treat chronic myeloid leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumor(18) ,imatinib mesylate is used and to treat breast cancer(19), trastuzumab (Herceptin) is used. Molecular characteristics of these cancer types that are abnormal protein tyrosine kinase activity in chronic myeloid leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumor and HER-2 receptor in breastcancer is used as a predictive biomarker. By using these markers only individuals which have these molecular alteration is selected and it means they are favorable for the treatment. Using this way some cancer types’ survival rate is shifted from 0 to 70%(17).
This application is used in non-small cell lung cancer treatment with using of mutations screeing. In this cancer type mutation occurs in kinase domain of EGFR. Gefitinib (Iressa) and erlotinib are tyrosine kinase inhibitors drug are used to treat and patients give a higher response to the treatment(20). Also if patient that is never smoked Asian females have adenocarcinomas, these drugs efficient on them(21). On the other hand, if the mutatuions occur at downstream effector KRAS, patient is resistant to to erlotinib(22). Also mutations that is at KRAS have a resistance to cetuximab (Erbitux) and panitumumab (Vectibix) drugs in colon cancer patients. If the KRAS is wild type, these these drugs is effective on the patients(23). These responses that are specific and different are based on molecular profile. Some molecular test are done before the using of cetuximab or panitumumab to a colon cancer patient. Lung and colon cancer is concerned with targeted therapy that is guide to patient about treatment by understanding the structure of cancer(24).
Pharmacogenomics and treatment safety
Genes that have genetical variation encode enzymes which metobolize drug, drug transporters, or drug targets. Variation in genes that can predict dose and safety of treatment for different types of cancer patient can have harmful influence on these patients’ treatment(25). For instance, polymorphism where in cytochrome P450 enzymes could cause to metabolite to drug slowly or very fast. So patient give an overdose symptoms or no response to drug by changing the pharmacokinetics of drug metabolism, also it may cause an adverse drug reaction(26). Thereby , forecasting optimal dose of drug , inducing the harmful side effects can be provided by using polymorphism(27). In familial breast cancer, patients shows low survival rate to treatment with tamoxifen that is chemotherapeutic drug because of genetic variation in CYP2D6 that is seen as a poor metabolizer (28). There are some studies abour genetic testing on drug label including test for CYP450 polymorphisms.
Prognosis
Insteaf of using clinicopathologic parameters as a biomarker in biochemical testing for prognosis and selection of therapatic way for cancer patient , Genotyping or gene expression profiling by microarray and protein analysis by mass spectrometry is used for prognostic biomarkers with the understanding of the molecular mechanism of cancer subtypes(29).
Biomarkers can be used alone or with combination of other parameters for classify subgroups according to their risk rate and for leading to therapy decision. For example, tissue microarray analysis with combining molecular and clinical biomarker is more efficient than the clasical cl