The theoretical frameworks that guide empirical research

 

 

we considered foundations of science: the theoretical frameworks that guide empirical research; the necessity of clear, specific, and logical hypotheses about effects; and the three elements (empirical association, time-order, and non-spuriousness) required to establish causality between variables. Hopefully you also had a chance to review the assigned journal article on neighborhood watch, which offers us a common frame of reference to talk about.

In this week’s discussion, reflect a bit on the application of our scientific foundations on the “problem” of neighborhood watch (NW). Why might different theoretical frameworks suggest different approaches to studying NW programs? Where might hypothesized NW effects differ, or even contradict one another? What, exactly, are we attempting to study, and what evidence would support or fail to support our hypotheses?

For the purpose of this discussion, it’s not necessary that you adhere strictly to the content of the assigned article, nor do you need to know the status of knowledge on neighborhood watch programs. It’s just an exercise to get us thinking about the translation of these abstract ideas to real-world criminal justice examples.

 

 

Sample Solution

Applying Scientific Foundations to Neighborhood Watch Programs (NW)

Theoretical Frameworks and Divergent Approaches

The “problem” of neighborhood watch (NW) can be approached through various theoretical lenses, leading to different research questions and methodologies. Here’s how some frameworks might influence our approach:

  • Broken Windows Theory: This theory suggests that visible signs of disorder (e.g., graffiti, vandalism) encourage more serious crime. NW research under this framework might examine if increased presence of NW programs reduces visible signs of disorder, leading to decreased crime rates.
  • Social Disorganization Theory: This theory emphasizes the importance of social cohesion and informal social control in preventing crime. Research could focus on whether NW programs foster stronger social ties within neighborhoods, leading to a more collective effort against crime.
  • Rational Choice Theory: This theory proposes that criminals weigh risks and rewards before committing a crime. NW research could explore if increased presence of NW programs deters criminals by increasing the perceived risk of getting caught.

Hypothesized NW Effects and Potential Contradictions

Different theoretical frameworks might lead to contrasting hypotheses about NW effects:

  • Crime Reduction: Some might hypothesize NW programs directly reduce crime rates by deterring criminal activity.
  • Displacement: Others might hypothesize that NW programs simply displace crime to other areas, not necessarily reducing overall crime.
  • Community Building: Some might propose NW strengthens community bonds and social control, leading to a broader positive impact on the neighborhood beyond crime reduction.

What are We Studying and How to Evaluate Effects?

To effectively study NW programs, we need to clearly define what we’re measuring:

  • Crime Rates: Analyzing crime statistics (e.g., burglary rates, assaults) in areas with and without NW programs over time.
  • Fear of Crime: Surveying residents to assess their perceived safety and fear of crime before and after implementing NW programs.
  • Community Engagement: Measuring changes in social interaction, participation in NW activities, and overall sense of community belonging.

Supporting and Refuting Hypotheses

  • Supporting Crime Reduction: A decrease in crime rates in areas with NW programs compared to control areas without NW programs, while controlling for other factors.
  • Refuting Displacement: No significant increase in crime rates in surrounding areas coinciding with a decrease in crime rates in areas where NW programs are implemented.
  • Supporting Community Building: Surveys showing increased social interaction, participation in NW activities, and a stronger sense of community belonging in areas with NW programs.

Conclusion:

By recognizing the influence of theoretical frameworks on research questions and hypotheses, we can design studies of neighborhood watch programs that provide more nuanced and reliable evidence. Evaluating their effectiveness requires analyzing not just crime rates, but also factors like fear of crime and community engagement. This allows for a more comprehensive understanding of NW programs’ potential impact on neighborhoods.

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