hly specialized and technical field where patients are mostly unaware of discrimination? For example, a study published earlier this year revealed that 50% of white medical students and residents hold false beliefs about biologic differences between black and white people (e.g., black people’s skin is thicker; black people’s blood coagulates more quickly). A Civil Rights State is thus needed which is committed to equality where state actively focuses on the recognition of various forms of discrimination as well as guaranteeing fines and regulation to combat the historical mistreatment of African Americans. Yet the racial state continues to view healthcare as a privilege for those capable enough to hold a decent job rather than a basic human right. In a way, captan punishment is given to those not worthy of holding on to a job.

Social egalitarianism is possible and has been achieved in the United States. As the New Deal unfolded in the face of the the Great Depression, black and white differences in standard of living not only persisted but deeply widened. In fact, life expectancy for blacks lagged that of whites by ten years in period between 1939 and 1941. By 1947, the gap had grown to eleven years. Widespread black death also occurred due to the fact that southern hospitals wouldn’t admit black patients which is the type of discreet discrimination Vernellia R. Randall argues to be prevalent in the operation of healthcare facilities today. While the New Deal’s rules and spending decisions came from Washington, to please the Southern Democrats, their execution was local knowingly placed in the hands of openly racist bureaucrats. They set an example for the following years that even seemingly unbiased national policies could be administered to suite racist preferences of a community. The largest and most effective social welfare policy left out of its jurisprudence over 65% of the African American population which extended to over 80% in the South. It wasn’t until the early 1960s that Black Americans started to experience the benefits of this widely popular progr