The fact that most personality research has been conducted in Western, English-speaking countries could have a major impact on the resulting theories. This is because the results of such studies may be limited due to only accounting for certain cultural backgrounds and contexts (van de Vijver et al., 2019). For example, some researchers warn that theories based on data from these cultures may not generalize well across different societies or even within them due to differences in social values and norms (Vaughn et al., 2020). Furthermore, the use of language can also lead to misunderstanding or misinterpretation of findings when applied outside of its original context (Schmitt & Allik, 2005).
These limitations can contribute to an incomplete picture when it comes to understanding personality traits across cultures. Researchers have also pointed out that certain aspects used in personality tests such as self-reporting scales could have bias built into them if they do not consider cultural influences such as power dynamics or communication styles (Cheung & Leung, 2017). As a result, this type of restriction can obscure potential new dimensions which would otherwise be difficult to identify without taking into account more diverse populations (Giuliani et al., 2018).
In conclusion, the limitation caused by only examining Western culture for personality research could potentially hinder our understanding of how individual differences manifest themselves differently depending on one’s background. It is therefore important for researchers to expand their studies beyond traditional methods if they want to gain a better comprehension about this topic.
applications of personalized medicine has wide influence fields. These applications involve diagnosis, screening, prediction, prognosis of treatment efficacy, control of patient after surgery to detect recurrence earlier and classification of patient into the small subgroups.
These subgroups favourably lead to choose targeted therapies. Targeted therapies provide high efficiency to respond rate to the therapy and survival consequences.(8) There are some current test for the varied aspects of personalized medicine (Table 1). Also personalized medicine contribute to the pharmaceutical companies. Because they waste o lot of money for the drug design. (9)
Cancer screening
Genetic and environmental factors are both contributor of the predisposition of cancer (10). Knowing the nature of these contributers is important to prevent the diseases ( adapting lifetstyle and behavior to the conditions). Sometimes genetic factors and cancer that are associated with each other affect significantly clinical intervention. For instance, as mentioned before if mutations occur at breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 and 2 (BRCA1,BRCA2) and at the same time if mutations occur at tumor suppressor genes , there is higher risk to develop the breast, ovarian, hematologic and prostate cancers(11). For these reason, regular screening, surgical measures and receive adjuvant therapies would undergo to prevent. Also genetic tests are used to analyse the inherited mutations DNA mismatch repair genes. Risk of advencing of colon cancer is high at the MLH1 and MSH2 genes(12). Under the light of this information cancer can be precluded with early screening colonoscopy to early detect and treat for cancer. Cancer databases that are about mutation types and polymorphisms are updated for public. These resources can be used to identify new biomarkers for screening.(13)
Tumor classification and subtyping
Personalized medicine changes the traditional classification of cancers from histologic scale to the molecular scale. Although histological scale does’nt give more information about prognosis , personalized tretment alternatives and risk of recurrence, molecular scale offers to give a detailed information about diseases processes(14). DNA, RNA, miRNA and protein have been used for molecy-ular analyses to classfy different tumor types into the subtypes. Each of them have an unique prognostic outcome that can not be identified with the traditional morphologic ways(15). Generally molecular scale for classification is used for acute myeloid leukemia, glioblastoma, breast cancer , and renal cell carcinoma , and to differentiate between Burkitt’s
