Collaborative and cooperative learning

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Collaborative and cooperative learning are both student focused models. Collaborative models places students into independent work groups. These independent work groups are given a group-based task and complete it independent of the teacher. “Similar to the idea that two or three heads are better than one, educational researchers have found that through peer instruction, students teach each other by addressing misunderstandings and clarifying misconceptions (Cornell University, 2016). This forces the students to work things out between themselves like who is doing what, what the group goal should be and correct each other. This model would be most effective in a mature and competent peer group. Group presentations are a great example of this model in action. The group would be given a subject then independently research the subject. Then the group would discuss their findings and create a presentation for the rest of the class.
Although the cooperative learning model is similar to the collaborative learning model, it is different in that the cooperative learning model is often structured to assess individual learning goals as opposed to the overall group. In addition, the teacher is more heavily involved in the process of structuring the group for them to be successful. This would be done not only by forming the teams, but “setting the groups goals, ensure individual accountability, and teaching communication and problem-solving skills” (Slaven, 2014). The individual accountability portion is distinct in this model. “Individual learning and performance can be assessed in any number of ways. Some instructors add an individual component to group projects (e.g., a short essay, journal entries); some combine a group project with an individual test or quiz” (ResourceEd., 2017).

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ant nephrosclerosis is uncommon and affects 1-5% of individuals with high blood pressure, that have diastolic blood pressure passing 130 mm Hg.46The relative risk of developing ESRD is increased by up to 20 times in hypertensive patients.47

In addition, the glomerulus has a unique structure, with both an afferent and an efferent arteriole, which permits modulation of glomerular perfusion and pressure without corresponding systemic blood pressure change.48

When the force of blood flow is high, blood vessels stretch so blood flows more easily. Eventually, this stretching scars and weakens blood vessels throughout the body, including those in the kidneys. If the kidneys’ blood vessels are damaged, they may stop removing wastes and extra fluid from the body. Extra fluid in the blood vessels may then raise blood pressure even more, creating a dangerous cycle. And opposite action in hypotension.49

Drug-induced nephrotoxicity, is a major cause of acute renal failure chronic kidney disease. It occurs due to the easy availability of over-the-counter medication viz. non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Antibiotics, NSAIDs, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and contrast agents are the major drugs contributory to kidney damage.Among antibiotics especially aminoglycoside antibiotics have been the most common offending agent’s leads to chronic kidney disease. Chronic renal injury can be induced by some medications, leading to chronic tubule-interstitial inflammation, papillary necrosis or prolonged proteinuria. Drug-induced acute renal failure (ARF) accounted for 20% of all ARF.50,51Mainly anti-tubercular, anti-epileptic and chemotherapeutic agents are most responsible for the kidney damage.

Example: NSAIDs (Diclofenac Ibuprofen, Ketoprofen), Aminoglycoside antibiotics (gentamicin, amikacinesterptomycine) Amphotericin B, cyclosporine, rifampicin indinavir and more other drugs.52

What is Nephrotic syndrome?

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