Contingency-shaped and rule-governed behavior

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Galizio, M. (1979). Contingency-shaped and rule-governed behavior: Instructional control of human loss avoidance. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 31(1), 53-70. (Links to an external site.)

1. What effect do instructions and rules have on schedules of reinforcement?
2. What happens to rule following when the behavior is not reinforced?
3. Briefly describe experiment 1. What was the procedure? What were the results?
4. Briefly describe experiment 2. What was the procedure? What were the results?
5. Briefly describe experiment 3. What was the procedure? What were the results?
6. Finally, describe what this article tells us about instructions and rules and how they can influence behavior.

Hayes, S.C., Brownstein, A.J., Zettle, R.D., Rosenfarb, I., & Korn, Z. (1986). Rule-governed behavior and sensitivity to changing consequences of responding. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 45(3), 237-256. (Links to an external site.)

1. Does human behavior differ from the behavior of other species? Why or why not?
2. Describe the procedure for experiment 1. What were the different groups and what contingencies were in place for each?
3. What sources of control were examined in experiment 2? What did this experiment tell us?
4. What did these studies tell us about rule-governed and contingency-shaped behavior?
4. What relation does rule-governed behavior have to verbal behavior?

 

Sample Solution

a large sum of financial expenditure. To ensure that the US military is still dominant compared to other nations, the allocation of money into various department should be adequate. According to “The Networking & Information Technology Research & Development Program”, a detailed report of the budgeting of funds to develop AI are published. However, allocation of finances to certain departments such as Department of Defence (DoD) and Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) are not publicly made available. In table-1 we can see the detailed budgeting to various agencies. (National Science & Technology Council, 2019)

The US government has initiated a long-term federal investment in AI R&D to create new and powerful AI. The investment of funds is not just to develop the software for artificial intelligence but also in the initial steps of data acquiring, data handling and processing it. This promotes a safe and effective human and AI interaction. This allows for research to be done in areas pertaining to ethical, legal and social objectives. Furthermore, the investment of funds is to grow the AI workforce and to expand the public private partnership. This allows the US as a nation as well as the US military to lead the automation industry. (National Science & Technology Council, 2019)

Positives and Negatives of Artificial Intelligence

Benefits

In the article, “Artificial Intelligence is a Work in Progress, Official Says”, author David Vergun discusses the importance of AI in military. Though, artificial intelligence is a work in progress, we need to ensure that using AI should be beneficial and safe. The development of AI technology should be thorough to the level where machines can interact with humans and be productive.

As mentioned above, various other benefits such as drone patrolling, combat simulation, threat monitoring and so on the involvement of human personnel in a warfare could be reduced significantly. Right from handling the vast logistics of military to the patrolling of drones, AI would be helpful in perfo

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