Psychiatric Case Study

Suicidal Ideation and Depression in Adolescent
The patient is a 15‐year‐old Puerto Rican adolescent female living with both her parents and a younger sibling. Her parents presented with significant marital problems, had been separated several times and were discussing divorce. Her mother reported having a history of psychiatric treatment for depression and anxiety and indicated that the patient’s father suffered from bipolar disorder and had been receiving psychiatric treatment. He was hospitalized on multiple occasions during previous years for serious psychiatric symptoms.
The patient is failing several classes in school, and her family was in the process of looking for a new school due to her failing grades and difficulties getting along with her classmates. She presented the following symptoms: frequent sadness and crying, increased appetite and overeating, guilt, low self‐concept, anxiety, irritability, insomnia, hopelessness, and difficulty concentrating. In addition, she presented difficulties in her interpersonal relationships, persistent negative thoughts about her appearance and scholastic abilities, as well as guilt regarding her parents’ marital problems. She states that sometimes she feels the world would never know if she disappeared.
The patient’s medical history reveals that she suffers from asthma, used eyeglasses, and is overweight. Her mother reported that she had been previously diagnosed with MDD 3 years ago and was treated intermittently for 2 years with supportive psychotherapy and anti‐depressants (fluoxetine and sertraline; no dosage information available). This first episode was triggered by rejection by a boy for whom she had romantic feelings. Her most recent episode appeared to be related to her parents’ marital problems and to academic and social difficulties at school.
Chafey, M. I. J., Bernal, G., & Rossello, J. (2009). Clinical Case Study: CBT for Depression in A Puerto Rican Adolescent. Challenges and Variability in Treatment Response. Depression and Anxiety, 26, 98-103. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20457

What is your diagnosis and treatment plan for this case? Include the following:
Pharmacological tx
Non-pharmacological to
Patient Education
Referral to other providers
Follow-up
Use the Case Study template to show your assessment collection data as well as the thought processes for diagnosis and treatment. Support your diagnosis and treatment plan with a minimum of two reference in APA form within last 5 years.

include this when apply

SOAP Note Components:
• Chief Complaint
• HPI
• Past Psychiatric History
• Age of manifestations of symptoms
• Previous Diagnoses and when they were diagnosed
• Psychotropic History
• All psychotropic medications
• Why stopped
• How long they were on
• Adherence
• Suicide Attempt/Homicidal Ideation History
• Legal History
• Trauma History
• Substance Use History
• Address
• Tobacco
• Alcohol
• Abuse of Prescription Drugs or Illicit Substances
• Length of time used substances
• Last Use
• Sobriety
• Detox/Rehab history
• Withdrawal Symptom History
• Social History
• Where born and raised
• Parental history
• Married or divorced during childhood
• Relationship with parents during childhood and now
• Siblings
• How many and where they are in the order
• Any developmental issues
• Highest level of education
• Current employment status
• If on disability – list why they are on disability
• Relationship status
• Married
• Divorced
• Single
• Widowed
• Children
• Number
• Ages
• Relationship
• Living arrangements
• Who they live with
• Do they feel safe
• Past medical history/surgical history
• Family medical/psychiatric history
• Review of Systems/Physical Assessment
• Mental Status Exam
• Appearance
• Speech
• Mood
• Affect
• Thought Process
• Thought Content
• Cognition
• Insight
• Judgement
• Psychiatric Screening Tools if any are utilized during the appointment and their results (Example PHQ-9 is 21 and very difficult
• Diagnostic Tests Reviewed
• Make sure to include any pertinent results
• Laboratory results reviewed with patient, discussed abnormal Vitamin D level and treatment options
• If no issues with labs:
• Laboratory results reviewed with patient, no abnormal results noted
• Differential Diagnoses
• With rationale
• 3 are required
• Must Include ICD codes
• Definitive Diagnoses
• With rationale
• Must Include ICD Codes
• It’s rare that patient’s only have 1 diagnosis
• The number of diagnoses can affect your reimbursement as a provider

• Treatment Plan/Plan of Care
• One of the most important parts of the note
• Include the following
• Medication management
• Medication, Dose, Route, Time
• State Reason for the Medication (I will mark down if this is not included in the plan)
• State reason for any changes
• Discontinued Abilify related to side effects of weight gain
• Increase Lexapro to 10mg daily for depression and anxiety, if patient continues to have depressive symptoms may increase to 15mg at next appointment
• Decreased Seroquel to 100mg daily at bedtime for sleep as the patient c/o increased daytime fatigue
• Include a statement such as
• Risks, benefits and side effects were discussed in-depth with the patient.
• Patient’s medications were eprescribed and sent to the patient’s designated pharmacy
• Include any diagnostics that were ordered at this appointment
• Complementary and Alternative Approaches
• Include referral for therapy
• Include type of therapy and why you are recommending
• Example
• Patient was referred for EMDR due to history of trauma
• Patient was referend for DBT due to history of borderline personality disorder
• Include any type of referrals for anyone else and why
• It is recommended that the patient follow-up with PCP for any medical issues.
• Will refer patient out for neuropsychological examination for cognitive decline
• Include Follow-Up appointment
• Include CPT Codes for visit

 

Sample Solution

NAc can be sub-divided into two regions: the core and the shell. Both regions have different input and output projections (Zahm, 2000) and thought to play different roles in reward pathway (Ito et al., 2004). Recent studies have also reported on different dendritic compartments specifically the proximal and distal (Spruston, 2008). Cocaine regulation of dendritic spines can only be observed in thin, highly motile spine (Kasai et al., 2010) which were thought to be relevant to learning (Moser et al., 1994; Dumitriu et al., 2010) and addiction (Shen et al., 2009; LaPlant et al., 2010). Cocaine exposure caused an increase in spine density in the shell region but a decrease in proximal MSNs in the core region which is seen to be far more enduring (Dumitriu et al., 2012). This enduring change in core reciprocates the idea that shell is involved in addiction development while core in the learning of the addiction or long-term potentiation (Di Chiara, 2002; Ito et al., 2004; Meredith et al., 2008). In a study done by Kourrich and Thomas (2009), however, showed an increase in core MSNs and a decrease in shell MSNs raising the possibility that spine regulation may be compensating the changes in MSNs or spine regulation may be causing a homeostatic tuning of MSNs excitability. Few studies showed homeostatic increase in MSNs excitability following spine downregulation (Azdad et al., 2009; Ishikawa et al., 2009; Huang et al., 2011) supporting the latter but the clear association between both processes is still unknown. A possible mechanism behind the selective downregulation of core MSNs could be dopamine since cocaine withdrawal decreases dopamine levels (Parsons et al., 1991; Baker et al., 2003). Further support to this could be from the higher convergence of the dual glutamatergic and dopaminergic pathways in the core (Zahm and Brog, 1992).

Other than that, a study has found that there is also structural plasticity in input regions to the nucleus accumbens. These inputs include the ventral tegmental area (VTA) which is thought to be important for rewarding stimuli, ventral hippocampus (vPHC) for encoding contextual information, basolateral amygdala (BLA) for relaying emotional context and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) providing operational value (Nestler, 2004, Russo & Nestler, 2013). There are two types of medium spiny neurons in the nucleus accumbens specifically dopamine receptor-1-expressing (D1-MSN) and dopamine-receptor-2-expressing (D2-MSN) where D1-MSN is responsible for rewarding stimulation compared to aversive in D2-MSN (Lobo et al., 2010). After cocaine exposure, there was an increase in spine density in BLA and vHPC neurons firing to D1-MSN (Barrientos et al., 2018; Russo et al., 2010) and a decrease in spine projection in mPFC. Since BL

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