Neurological Function

at
Categories
Tags

 

H.M is a 67-year-old female, who recently retired from being a school teacher for the last 40 years. Her husband died 2 years ago due to complications of a CVA. Past medical history: hypertension controlled with Olmesartan 20 mg by mouth once a day. Family history no contributory. Last annual visits with PCP with normal results. She lives by herself but her children live close to her and usually visit her two or three times a week.
Her daughter start noticing that her mother is having problems focusing when talking to her, she is not keeping things at home as she used to, often is repeating and asking the same question several times and yesterday she has issues remembering her way back home from the grocery store.

Case Study Questions

Name the most common risks factors for Alzheimers disease
Name and describe the similarities and the differences between Alzheimers disease, Vascular Dementia, Dementia with Lewy bodies, Frontotemporal dementia.
Define and describe explicit and implicit memory.
Describe the diagnosis criteria developed for the Alzheimers disease by the National Institute of Aging and the Alzheimers Association
What would be the best therapeutic approach on C.J.

Sample Solution

H.M.’s Case: Addressing Memory Concerns

H.M.’s symptoms raise concerns about possible dementia. Here’s a breakdown of the information and potential next steps:

Risk Factors for Alzheimer’s Disease:

  • Age:M.’s age (67) is a risk factor, although younger people can also develop dementia.
  • Family History:No family history is mentioned, but a family history of dementia increases risk.

Types of Dementia:

  • Alzheimer’s Disease (AD):Most common form, characterized by progressive memory loss, language difficulties, and impaired thinking.
  • Vascular Dementia (VaD):Caused by reduced blood flow to the brain, leading to problems with memory, thinking, and walking.
  • Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB):Marked by movement problems, hallucinations, and fluctuations in alertness along with cognitive decline.
  • Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD):Affects the frontal and temporal lobes, leading to personality changes, language difficulties, and problems with judgment.

Similarities: All dementias involve progressive cognitive decline, impacting memory, thinking, and daily functioning. Differences:

  • Cause:Each type has a distinct underlying cause.
  • Symptoms:The specific symptoms and their progression can vary between types.

Explicit vs. Implicit Memory:

  • Explicit Memory:Conscious recall of facts and experiences (e.g., remembering your birthday).
  • Implicit Memory:Unconscious learning and skills (e.g., riding a bike).

Alzheimer’s Disease Diagnosis Criteria:

The National Institute on Aging and Alzheimer’s Association (NIA-AA) criteria consider:

  • Cognitive symptoms:Memory loss, language difficulties, impaired problem-solving.
  • Functional decline:Difficulty performing daily activities.
  • Biomarkers (optional):Brain scans or spinal fluid tests to support the diagnosis.

Therapeutic Approach for H.M.:

  • Evaluation:A comprehensive medical evaluation by a neurologist is crucial. This may include cognitive testing, brain scans, and blood tests to rule out other causes of memory problems.
  • Dementia Diagnosis:Once the type of dementia is determined, a treatment plan can be established.
  • Alzheimer’s Disease Treatment (if diagnosed):While no cure exists, medications can help manage symptoms and slow progression. Non-drug therapies like cognitive stimulation and social engagement are also beneficial.
  • Support System:M.’s children can provide emotional support and assist with daily tasks.

Additional Notes:

  • Early diagnosis is crucial for maximizing treatment benefits and planning for the future.
  • Support groups can be a valuable resource for H.M. and her family.

It’s important to remember that this information cannot replace a professional diagnosis. A neurologist can provide the most accurate assessment and treatment plan for H.M.

 

This question has been answered.

Get Answer