You’re right, testosterone and estrogen are often used to explain typical behavioral differences between men and women. However, the story isn’t quite so simple. Here’s a breakdown based on current research:

Do Sex Hormones Influence Behavior?

Yes, sex hormones like testosterone and estrogen do play a role in shaping behavior. Studies have shown this in both animals and humans [1, 5]. For instance, testosterone can influence aggression and territoriality, while estrogen seems to be linked to caregiving behaviors [2, 3].

How Much Blame Can We Put on Hormones?

Here’s where it gets interesting. While hormones are a factor, they likely aren’t the sole determinant. Here’s why:

• Individual Variations: Hormone levels vary significantly within genders. Some women have naturally higher testosterone than some men [6].
• Genetics and Environment: Our genes and environment also interact with hormones to influence behavior [1]. Socialization, for example, can play a big role. Studies have shown that stereotypically masculine behavior can actually increase testosterone levels in women [4].

The Takeaway

Sex hormones are one piece of the puzzle when it comes to behavioral differences. They likely influence predispositions, but our genes, environment, and social experiences all play a role in shaping how those predispositions manifest.

Here are some resources for further reading:

• National Institutes of Health: Genes Affect Sex Differences in Behavior [invalid URL removed]
• British Psychological Society: Is testosterone the key to sex differences in human behaviour? [invalid URL removed]