of non-standard English which are used in dialects throughout the English-speaking world (Haywood, et al., 2009). I employed these syntactical features at various points in the TT to compensate for the loss of the specific Chilean dialect used in the original. I translated the phrase no he hecho ná [82] by using the double negative, I ain’t done nothin’, and si uno no les causa problemas [96] as if you cause them no problems. To emphasise a nonstandard use of phonology, I also dropped ‘h’s at the beginning of words and ‘g’s at the end of words. For example, I translated andando, entonces [146] as get goin’ then and páselo p’adentro [87] as take ’im inside. As the latter example highlights, I could not indicate each non-standard use of a Spanish word in the equivalent English word. Here, I compensated for the contracted para in Spanish with the unaspirated ‘h’.

3.3. Use of dialect vocabulary

However, while I could convey dialect usage in terms of nonstandard grammar or phonology, I found it harder to highlight that Chilean, as opposed to standard Spanish, vocabulary was being used. The English vocabulary I used either seemed too culturally-specific or too standard. One such example is lacazos [110] which I translated as truncheon blows. It was very difficult to find the origin or meaning of this word, which in turn highlights how infrequently the word is used. Without finding the word in any standard Spanish dictionary, I assumed from context that it might be an action noun related to beating someone with a heavy instrument. I searched for the word truncheon in standard Spanish, and found cachiporra or porra. I then searched for a Chilean synonym which would start with ‘lac’, the root of the action noun lacazo. I found the word laque, which derives from a Mapuche word and is used in Chile to denote a ‘especie de porra de fierro o de madera recubierta’ (Real Academia Española, 2017). Once finding the definition, I had to assimilate this actio