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According to Armbruster et al. (2017), the research manages the sample through a cluster-randomized
intervention trial. However, the alignment of the research process with the standard definitions of a study
design is questionable. What interventions are made to evaluate the association of variables from the
independent parameters? Is the study truly experimental? Are significant interventions applied in an attempt to
trigger a desired or unknown feedback, or is it more observational in nature?
Feldman and Whibey (2015) defines intervention trials as experimental set-ups or designs where in a group
from the samples receives a controlled condition (specific treatment), whereas the other does not. An
interventional study design helps to assess the impact of imposing the altering intervention and to provide
causative arguments as a product.
The reviewed research, however, does not show any applied interventions, rather an observational trait is
clearly evident. In particular, evaluation of adherence of individual conditions to a standard criteria; and
determination of the association of symptoms to the type of existing microorganisms – these objectives were
accomplished through mere observation and record-keeping, without alteration.
Thus, study design should be addressed as a longitudinal approach, instead of an intervention approach.
Appropriate declaration of the design used in a study is important knowledge for readers so that key learning
points can be identified early, as well as to provide a smooth flow of thought for the readers.
With this in mind, it is important for future researchers to identify the study design appropriate for their research
objectives. Questions such as: What is the purpose of my research? What do I need to do to achieve my
objectives (Do I need to conduct experiments, or will observation do, or will I simply review the validity of other
studies?) What are my available resources (i.e. Is primary data available for collection, are other resources
available for comparison?) – need to be asked to effectively formulate a study design that will lead to the
intended outcome

Sample Solution

Legal Factor may often be overlap with political, however it involves more specifics laws such as health and safety law or consumer protection law. Organizations should know what is legal and what is not in order to run businesses ethically (B2U – Business-to-you.com, 2019). Health and safety law is needed so that the company will hold responsibility for the workers. It is the company’s responsibility to ensure that the workers are treated ethically. In addition, consumer protection law is to protect consumers from buying milk that are of low quality or other aspects that A2 Milk guaranteed but not fulfilled. Furthermore, Food standard codes is required for to comply with the laws of standard in operation.

Conclusion on PESTEL Analysis

In conclusion, PESTEL seeks to address opportunities and threat which A2 milk may face from external environment. It is crucial to note that all factor from this analysis would have a huge impact to A2 milk. This will allow A2 Milk to make better choices for the company in the future.

INDUSTRY ANALYSIS (PORTER’S FIVE FORCES FRAMEWORK)

The industry analysis is a framework that helps to determine the attractiveness of an industry that highlights five competitive forcers including threat of entry, threat of substitutes, bargaining power of buyers, bargaining power of suppliers and the extend of rivalry between competitors. Furthermore, it can help organizations to build sustainable competive advantage in the milk industry.

The threat of entry

This determines how easy it is for new companies to enter a particular industry. When the barriers of entry into an industry is high, there are lesser businesses entering the market due to strong competition and vice versa (My Accounting Course, 2019). In this industry, it is hard to enter because the threat of entry is low, hence causing the barrier to entry is high. The following factors are some reason that justify the low threat of entry.

The economies of scale is hard to achieve therefore, causing the production to be more expensive for new companies. Production differentiation is strong as in this industry all company sells differentiated products. Customers also look for differentiated products. Therefore, the threat of entry is low. Capital requirements are high in this industry and its hard for new companies to set up businesses with the same expenditures incurred by existing companies. Government policies also ensure that many regulations need to be followed before companies can start selling their product in the market. This enforcement makes it hard for new companies to enter. Therefore,

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