The history of professional Nursing started with Florence Nightingale who envisioned nurses as a knowledgeable force who can bring positive changes in health care delivery (Alligood, 2014). It was 100 years later, during 1950s, a need to develop nursing knowledge apart from medical knowledge was felt to guide nursing practice. This beginning led to the awareness of the need to develop nursing theories (Alligood, 2010). Until then, nursing practice was based on principles and traditions that were handed down through apprenticeship model of education and individual hospital procedure manuals. It reflected the vocational heritage more than a professional vision. This transition from vocation to profession involves successive eras of history in nursing: the curriculum era, research emphasis era, research era, graduate education era, and the theory era (Alligood, 2014)
Control and the Freedom of Speech in the United States
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The First Amendment of the Constitution of the United States ensures each American resident the ability to speak freely, which implies an option to uninhibitedly communicate one’s contemplations and thoughts. The right to speak freely is a fundamental American worth—one of the columns on which American culture was fabricated. Nonetheless, the option to communicate one’s contemplations without limitation can be questionable; communicating disdain, for instance, is additionally permitted. The principle issue here is to ensure others’ wellbeing and ensure an individual communicating contempt would not go farther than communicating their situation without submitting unlawful acts. Restriction is intended to control such debates; then again, oversight can be contrasted with a noxious gas: it can betray the aggressor if the breeze changes (ACLU). opportunity
The principal recorded instance of oversight in the United States happened in 1734-1735, when a New York-based paper printer John Peter Zenger, who was blamed for defaming the legislative head of New York (Zenger distributed a rebellious defamation scrutinizing the specialists) and was arrested. Zenger was guarded in court by Andrew Hamilton, who broadcasted in his well known discourse “Truth can’t be Libel.” This legal dispute was notable regarding engaging the opportunity of press by the Constitution, despite the fact that there were various endeavors to constrain it, for example, John Adams’ Alien and Sedition Acts embraced in 1798, or the Sedition Act of 1917 (Censorship in America).
Today, the U.S. media ends up in an irresolute circumstance. It is protected from uncovering their sources, as it is secured by the First Amendment, and Obama’s organization even offered a government protecting law for writers. Also, advanced media sources and the Internet are progressively hard to control, screen, and blue pencil. Then again, media proprietorship, joined with money related issues, conventional establishments attempting to remain above water and forestall the presence of undesired data and political partisanship, just as the administration’s endeavor to uncover informants, contrarily influence the right to speak freely (Index on Censorship).
With respect to the nature of substance being distributed on the web and in printed media, restriction is generally applied to materials that match such criteria as foulness, incitements, sex entertainment, strictly or socially touchy issues, calls for viciousness, and certain other risky subjects, for example, racial separation.
Simultaneously, it appears oversight isn’t restricted distinctly by these fields. Copyright assembly and observation present perhaps the greatest risk for a free appropriation of data over the Internet. With respect to reconnaissance by and large, Google Transparency reports affirm the United States comes out ahead of the pack on the planet for the quantities of solicitations for clients’ very own information; the quantity of court orders for content evacuation is additionally among the most elevated on the planet (after Brazil). Taking into account that media organizations in the United States will in general consent to administrative solicitations with respect to clients’ very own information, Americans keep an eye on self-control their electronic correspondences to stay away from conceivable authoritative issues (Index on Censorship).
The circumstance with the ability to speak freely in the United States is disputable. In spite of the fact that it is ensured by the First Amendment as an option to unreservedly communicate one’s contemplations and thoughts, there are points that are being checked and controlled, for example, sex entertainment, vulgarity, strictly and socially delicate issues, calls for savagery, and a few others. American writers are typically secured by state laws, which promise them their capacity to work. Simultaneously, the American government is known to demand media transmission organizations for clients’ very own information, which results into Americans self-blue penciling their electronic interchanges. Copyright enactment is additionally viewed as a danger to the free circulation of data in media.
References
“US: Free Expression Constrained by Cultural and Political Factors.” Index on Censorship. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Jan. 2014. <http://www.indexoncensorship.org/2013/08/US free-articulation obliged by-social and-political-factors/>.
“Oversight.” American Civil Liberties Union. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Jan. 2014. <https://www.aclu.org/free-discourse/censorship>.
“History of Censorship in The U.S.A.” Censorship in America. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Jan. 2014. <http://www.censorshipinamerica.com/p/history-of-oversight in-usa.html>.
