A bona fide occupational requirement in the context of human rights legislation.

 

1. Explain a bona fide occupational requirement in the context of human rights legislation.
2. Discuss the concerns Canadians are having over the protection of their privacy given the widespread use of computers. Provide a recent example.
3. The separate existence of a corporation is said to be a legal myth. Discuss the development of this myth and its value in our society today.
4. Discuss why it is significant to find that an employment relationship exists and how such a relationship is determined.
5. Describe the main types of intellectual property and explain why intellectual property rights are considered an important business asset.
6.Discuss the function of the federal Competition Act and the role it plays in consumer protection.

Case Analysis Questions: For each of the following questions provide a brief fact sheet, legal issues and analysis. (-8 points * 5 questions= 40 points)
1. Chuck, Howard, and Ben decide to go into a business venture, developing and distributing educational software. For tax reasons, they do not incorporate. Each contributes $10,000, and Howard also contributes a truck and his programming expertise. They agree that all three will be actively involved in the day-to-day management of the business. To determine their rights and obligations, they enter into a one-page agreement that provides only that each of Chuck, Howard, and Ben is to get 33-1/3% of the profits and also specifically states that they are not to be viewed as partners. Based on these facts, explain their partnership type, situation and liabilities.
2. Three students in a business faculty created a computer program that compared various retirement plans. They decided to go into business together to offer their services directly to the public. After doing a feasibility study, they felt there were profits to be made. For tax reasons, they decided not to incorporate. Each contributed $15,000 and Wayne, one of the three, contributed a computer. In a short written agreement, they agreed that all three would be actively involved in the management of the business, that all three would work to update the program, that they would share the profits equally, and that they should not be viewed as partners. Based on these facts, explain if there are any anomalies in their agreement. How would the court of law view their agreement?
3. Jeff had worked for Sweetums Candy Shoppe for the last 12 years. His boss came in one morning and told Jeff that although he had always been a great employee, he was being let go for financial reasons. He gave Jeff only 2 weeks’ notice. Jeff checked his employment contract and verified that the agreement provided that only 2 weeks’ notice was required. Under the terms of the employment standards legislation, Jeff is entitled to a minimum of 8 weeks’ notice. If Jeff sues for wrongful dismissal, what is the Court likely to find?
4. As the fishing season slowed down in the fall, Bob decided that it might be a good time to find a real bargain in used equipment for his boat. He found a navigation instrument for sale for $15,000, a great price. However, he only had $10,000, so he

borrowed the other $5,000 from the bank. He also signed a Security Agreement on the equipment as collateral in favour of the bank, which promptly registered its interest in the Personal Property Registry. Bob made his payments for a while, but things started to go badly for him. He was unable to make any further payments, although he still owed over $3000. Desperate and not thinking too clearly, Bob sold his boat to his friend Claude for $50,000 and left for Central America with the funds. When the bank realized what Bob had done, it located the boat and demanded that Claude pay off the $3000+ or lose the navigational equipment. Claude was outraged because he had paid Bob in good faith and argued that he had never borrowed anything from the bank and therefore owed it nothing. What can the bank do in this case?
5. Wenzel Downhole Tools Ltd. v. National-Oilwell Canada Ltd., 2012 FCA 333 (CanLII). Wenzel was an inventor who had patented and produced a tool containing bearings that could better handle the download in well-drilling operations. National-Oilwell manufactured an identical product, and Wenzel sued for patent infringement. Explain the appropriate remedies available to Wenzel. How would it affect your answer to know that Wenzel manufactured a tool sold to the industry that contained the bearing at the time of the patent application? Note as well that National-Oilwell also claimed that the development of the bearings was an obvious development to anyone in the industry.

Sample Solution

A bona fide occupational requirement in the context of human rights legislation

One of the key responsibilities of an employer is to provide a safe, accommodating and legally compliant working environment for all employees, including those groups who most need protection. One way to comply is that employers need to make sure they do not unintentionally discriminate against their applicants and employees. Canadian human rights laws help promote equality in the workplace and are an integral part of Canadian society. But, there is a time when a discriminatory employment rule is valid, this exception is called bona fide occupational requirement (BFOR), meaning a requirement that is necessary for the performance of a job. BFORs are not preferences. They must be essential to the performance of the task and their absence must be impossible for the employer to accommodate without undue hardship.

knowledge from other therapists. For example, If I had a client who was not engaging in the sessions after a few weeks, I could find out if other therapists had encountered the same situation and try to use their conclusions/theories into my own work. Another important aspect is accountability, where counselling organisations get help towards funding from government agencies. Masson (1988) cited in McLeod (2005), that their has been several accounts of clients being abused by their therapists. Therefore, the funding would help the research to be carried out into the reasons why this misconduct occurred. For a counsellor being aware of this research as well as adhering to the BACP (2016) ethical framework of non-maleficence, they would be protecting the safety of clients and alleviating personal distress and suffering (BACP, 2016).
Research can lead to developing new ideas and approaches, as well as applications of counselling in new areas. There currently are dozens of approaches, whereas back in the 1930s, psychoanalysis was the only approach of psychotherapy. So research has been a key factor in the counselling world and it has helped counsellors to form the validity of the profession. Hasenfeld (1992), states that all forms of human service must be seen as valid and other human service professions like nursing expect counsellors to offer a rational for their mediation on a research based body of knowledge.
McLeod J (2003) suggests that research is ‘a systematic process of critical inquiry leading to valid propositions and conclusions that are communicated in interested others’ (p.4). Therefore, when referring to my dissertation, I will need to adhere to the Ethical guidelines for researching counselling and psychotherapy (BACP,2004). There will be a set of principles and methods which I will need to follow to ensure the knowledge is truthful and to inform good research practice. I will need to outline a series of stages which takes part in all research and repeat the process of observing, reflecting and experimentation.
There are several fantasies and myths out there about research. For example, people assume or may have images of clinicians in white coats, carrying out experiments on rats and other animals in laboratories. A frequent myth in counselling research is that it is all about numbers and impenetrable statistics.

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