Quantitative research is a research method that uses numerical data to answer research questions. Quantitative research is often used to test theories or to measure the effects of variables. Quantitative research can be conducted using a variety of methods, including surveys, experiments, and observational studies.

Qualitative research is a research method that uses non-numerical data to answer research questions. Qualitative research is often used to explore topics in depth or to understand people’s experiences. Qualitative research can be conducted using a variety of methods, including interviews, focus groups, and ethnography.

Mixed methods research is a research method that combines quantitative and qualitative data to answer research questions. Mixed methods research can be used to provide a more complete understanding of a topic than either quantitative or qualitative research alone.

Differences between quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods research

The following table summarizes the key differences between quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods research:

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Similarities between quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods research

Despite their differences, quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods research share a number of similarities. All three types of research are systematic, rigorous, and evidence-based. They all involve the collection and analysis of data to answer research questions. And they all contribute to our understanding of the world around us.

Examples of quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods research studies

Here are some examples of quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods research studies:

Quantitative research:

• A study to determine the effectiveness of a new drug in treating a disease
• A study to measure the impact of a policy change on unemployment rates
• A study to describe the relationship between income and education levels

Qualitative research:

• A study to explore the experiences of people living with poverty
• A study to understand the motivations of people who commit crimes
• A study to develop a new theory of human behavior

Mixed methods research:

• A study to examine the relationship between student engagement and academic achievement using both quantitative (e.g., test scores) and qualitative data (e.g., interviews with students and teachers)
• A study to evaluate the effectiveness of a new educational program using both quantitative (e.g., standardized test scores) and qualitative data (e.g., observations of classrooms)
• A study to understand the impact of a new social media platform on political participation using both quantitative (e.g., survey data) and qualitative data (e.g., focus group discussions)

When to use quantitative, qualitative, or mixed methods research

The best type of research to use depends on the specific research question(s) being asked. If the research question is about testing a theory or measuring the effects of variables, then quantitative research is likely the best approach. If the research question is about exploring a topic in depth or understanding people’s experiences, then qualitative research is likely the best approach. If the research question is about providing a more complete understanding of a topic than either quantitative or qualitative research alone, then mixed methods research is likely the best approach.

Conclusion

Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods research are all important tools for understanding the world around us. The best type of research to use depends on the specific research question(s) being asked. All three types of research can be rigorous and systematic, and they all contribute to our knowledge base.