Advanced Pathophysiology

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Urinary Function:
Mr. J.R. is a 73-year-old man, who was admitted to the hospital with clinical manifestations of gastroenteritis and possible renal injury. The patient’s chief complaints are fever, nausea with vomiting and diarrhea for 48 hours, weakness, dizziness, and a bothersome metallic taste in the mouth. The patient is pale and sweaty. He had been well until two days ago, when he began to experience severe nausea several hours after eating two burritos for supper. The burritos had been ordered from a local fast-food restaurant. The nausea persisted and he vomited twice with some relief. As the evening progressed, he continued to feel “very bad” and took some Pepto-Bismol to help settle his stomach. Soon thereafter, he began to feel achy and warm. His temperature at the time was 100. 5°F. He has continued to experience nausea, vomiting, and a fever. He has not been able to tolerate any solid foods or liquids. Since yesterday, he has had 5–6 watery bowel movements. He has not noticed any blood in the stools. His wife brought him to the ER because he was becoming weak and dizzy when he tried to stand up. His wife denies any recent travel, use of antibiotics, laxatives, or excessive caffeine, or that her husband has an eating disorder.

Case Study Questions
1. The attending physician is thinking that Mr. J.R. has developed an Acute Kidney Injury (AKI). Analyzing the case presented name the possible types of Acute Kidney Injury. Link the clinical manifestations described to the different types of Acute Kidney injury.
2. Create a list of risk factors the patient might have and explain why.
3. Unfortunately, the damage on J.R. kidney became irreversible and he is now diagnosed with Chronic kidney disease. Please describe the complications that the patient might have on his Hematologic system (Coagulopathy and Anemia) and the pathophysiologic mechanisms involved.

Reproductive Function:
Ms. P.C. is a 19-year-old white female who reports a 2-day history of lower abdominal pain, nausea, emesis and a heavy, malodorous vaginal discharge. She states that she is single, heterosexual, and that she has been sexually active with only one partner for the past eight months. She has no previous history of genitourinary infections or sexually transmitted diseases. She denies IV drug use. Her LMP ended three days ago. Her last intercourse (vaginal) was eight days ago and she states that they did not use a condom. She admits to unprotected sex “every once in a while.” She noted an abnormal vaginal discharge yesterday and she describes it as “thick, greenish-yellow in color, and very smelly.” She denies both oral and rectal intercourse. She does not know if her partner has had a recent genitourinary tract infection, “because he has been away on business for five days.
Microscopic Examination of Vaginal Discharge
(-) yeast or hyphae
(-) flagellated microbes
(+) white blood cells
(+) gram-negative intracellular diplococci

Case Study Questions
1. According to the case presented, including the clinical manifestations and microscopic examination of the vaginal discharge, what is the most probably diagnosis for Ms. P.C.? Support your answer and explain why you get to that diagnosis.
2. Based on the vaginal discharged described and the microscopic examination of the sample could you suggest which would be the microorganism involved?
3. Name the criteria you would use to recommend hospitalization for this patient

Sample Solution

“Dissemination” of techniques is an inevitable and desirable feature in the art. Music and visual perception, as well as sound and image, use the same rules and tools in their production process.
Architects who have tried to turn music into architecture have done it differently and based on different elements. These elements are related to the logic that man operates, while the rules of gestalt the ways in which man “wishes” to organize the visual and acoustic stimuli.
Xenakis, for example, borrows the logic and reflection of music and applies them to architecture. Peter Cook, transformed the image of a pentagram into an architectural display. Bainbridge and Libeskind saw the space as an ecumenical factor coming from both music and architecture. Generally, there has been a tendency for architects to use various elements of music as “instructions” that will “guide” them to the end result.
Clearly the study of music has been inspiration and has remained to the end, as a basic idea and a final result. The transfer of Bela Bartok’s music by Steven Holl was done by analyzing his parts in logical places like Fugue. Then these separable elements could be transferred to space and architectural elements. It continued with the rules of stretto’s counterpoint, the punctuation rules of the crescendo and the diminuendo, but also the changes in the tonicity of the organs. All this brought more effectively the character of the music piece into space and architecture.
The Theory of Gestalt and the techniques of repetition and symmetry proved to be common tools in both architecture and music. Through these, architecture is not limited to using music indefinitely as an inspiration. Also, music and space are not something univocal, since in human perception processes and manifestations are different. Finally, the synthesis techniques of the two arts have many similarities but also an immediacy in the interaction, both as initial inspiration and as a whole composition.

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