Advanced Pathophysiology
Parts 1, 2 and 3 have the same questions, however, you must answer with references and different writing always addressing them objectively, that is as if you were different students. Similar responses in wording or references will not be accepted.
Part 1: Advanced Pathophysiology
Briefly answer the questions in a couple of lines. Do not include unsolicited information
Topic: Endocrine System
1- What are hormones and its general characteristics?
2- Regulation of Hormone release based on negative feedback: post an example.
3- Explain up and down regulation of hormone receptors.
4- How does the Pituitary-Hypothalamic axis work?
5- Mention the Hormones released from Anterior and Posterior Pituitary gland.
6- Functions of Pineal Gland.
7- Complete for each of these glandular organs which are the hormones produced and which are the functions of these hormones.
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Pancreas (endocrine activity)
Adrenal (from cortex and medulla)
8- Content of Slide 55 in PPT repost here (forget this question)
9- What is…? Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) secretion vs Diabetes Insipidus (types)
10- What is Hypopituitarism and Hyperpituitarism?
11- What happens with Hypersecretion of GH?
12- Thyroid disorders: Primary vs secondary. Thyrotoxicosis symptoms. Graves Disease: mechanism of production and symptoms. Hypothyroidism etiology and symptoms.
13- Hyperparathyroidism: which is primary, secondary and tertiary?
14- Cushing Syndrome vs Cushing Disease.
15- What is Addison’s Disease and symptoms?
16- Pheochromocytoma. Hormone in excess and symptoms.
17- Obesity: concept. Visceral vs Peripheral
18- Diabetes Type 1 vs 2: mechanism of production (pathophysiology) What is A1C?
19- Clinical manifestations of DM Type 1 and DM Type 2?
20- What is Gestational Diabetes and why it occurs?
21- Which are the acute complications of Diabetes?
22- From chronic complications of diabetes which are Macro and Microvascular?
23- Why patients with type 2 Diabetes may not suffer from Ketoacidosis?
Part 2: Advanced Pathophysiology
Briefly answer the questions in a couple of lines. Do not include unsolicited information
Topic: Endocrine System
1- What are hormones and its general characteristics?
2- Regulation of Hormone release based on negative feedback: post an example.
3- Explain up and down regulation of hormone receptors.
4- How does the Pituitary-Hypothalamic axis work?
5- Mention the Hormones released from Anterior and Posterior Pituitary gland.
6- Functions of Pineal Gland.
7- Complete for each of these glandular organs which are the hormones produced and which are the functions of these hormones.
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Pancreas (endocrine activity)
Adrenal (from cortex and medulla)
8- Content of Slide 55 in PPT repost here (forget this question)
9- What is…? Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) secretion vs Diabetes Insipidus (types)
10- What is Hypopituitarism and Hyperpituitarism?
11- What happens with Hypersecretion of GH?
12- Thyroid disorders: Primary vs secondary. Thyrotoxicosis symptoms. Graves Disease: mechanism of production and symptoms. Hypothyroidism etiology and symptoms.
13- Hyperparathyroidism: which is primary, secondary and tertiary?
14- Cushing Syndrome vs Cushing Disease.
15- What is Addison’s Disease and symptoms?
16- Pheochromocytoma. Hormone in excess and symptoms.
17- Obesity: concept. Visceral vs Peripheral
18- Diabetes Type 1 vs 2: mechanism of production (pathophysiology) What is A1C?
19- Clinical manifestations of DM Type 1 and DM Type 2?
20- What is Gestational Diabetes and why it occurs?
21- Which are the acute complications of Diabetes?
22- From chronic complications of diabetes which are Macro and Microvascular?
23- Why patients with type 2 Diabetes may not suffer from Ketoacidosis?
Part 3: Advanced Pathophysiology
Briefly answer the questions in a couple of lines. Do not include unsolicited information
Topic: Endocrine System
1- What are hormones and its general characteristics?
2- Regulation of Hormone release based on negative feedback: post an example.
3- Explain up and down regulation of hormone receptors.
4- How does the Pituitary-Hypothalamic axis work?
5- Mention the Hormones released from Anterior and Posterior Pituitary gland.
6- Functions of Pineal Gland.
7- Complete for each of these glandular organs which are the hormones produced and which are the functions of these hormones.
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Pancreas (endocrine activity)
Adrenal (from cortex and medulla)
8- Content of Slide 55 in PPT repost here (forget this question)
9- What is…? Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) secretion vs Diabetes Insipidus (types)
10- What is Hypopituitarism and Hyperpituitarism?
11- What happens with Hypersecretion of GH?
12- Thyroid disorders: Primary vs secondary. Thyrotoxicosis symptoms. Graves Disease: mechanism of production and symptoms. Hypothyroidism etiology and symptoms.
13- Hyperparathyroidism: which is primary, secondary and tertiary?
14- Cushing Syndrome vs Cushing Disease.
15- What is Addison’s Disease and symptoms?
16- Pheochromocytoma. Hormone in excess and symptoms.
17- Obesity: concept. Visceral vs Peripheral
18- Diabetes Type 1 vs 2: mechanism of production (pathophysiology) What is A1C?
19- Clinical manifestations of DM Type 1 and DM Type 2?
20- What is Gestational Diabetes and why it occurs?
21- Which are the acute complications of Diabetes?
22- From chronic complications of diabetes which are Macro and Microvascular?
23- Why patients with type 2 Diabetes may not suffer from Ketoacidosis?
Sample Solution
The endocrine system is made up of several organs called glands. These glands, located all over the body, create and secrete (release) hormones. Hormones are chemicals that coordinate different functions in the body by carrying messages through your blood to your organs, skin, muscles and other tissues. the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, or HPA axis, is a term used to represent the interaction between the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal glands; it plays an important role the body`s response to stress. The pathway of the axis results in the production of cortisol. The aim of the stress response is to provide energy for a long period of time. It does not need to be fast so it uses hormones as a way of transmitting signals.
