Advise Vertex Ltd

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On 14 January 2022, B Ltd buys 300 MT of urea from S Ltd. The contract of sales contains, inter alia, the following clauses: “DESCRIPTION”: White urea crystals, 99.8% polarisation “QUANTITY”: 300 MT (5% more or less) “QUALITY”: 1st class quality “PLACE OF SHIPMENT”: Hong Kong “PORT OF DESTINATION”: Southampton UK
“DOMICILE”: This contract shall be deemed to have been made in England and the construction validity and performance thereof shall be governed in all aspects by English law.
This contract is subject to the Incoterms 2020.
Payment to be made cash against documents.
Scenario a)
On 31st January 2022, B Ltd sold the goods to Rossi Ltd, a Hong Kong trader. On 1 February 2022, Rossi Ltd re-sold the goods to Vertex Ltd, a trader from Shanghai, People’s Republic of China.
Goods are shipped on board of the vessel “the Alma” on 18 January 2022. Karl, the master of “the Alma” issued a bill of lading stating that: “300 MT of White urea crystals, shipped on board in apparent good order and condition, weight condition, quality unknown”. The bill of lading covers only the transit between Hong Kong and Gibraltar.
On 31st January 2022, whilst in transit “the Alma” sinks and the cargo is lost.
Vertex Ltd is unsure what to do and asks for your legal advice. Advise Vertex Ltd. Would your advice be any different if Rossi Ltd knew that the cargo was lost before selling it over to Vertex Ltd?
Credit to be confirmed by a bank based in Paris. B Ltd opens a credit with the issuing bank tendering the following conditions for the credit: Letter of Credit
Shipping documents required: … 5. Full set of original clean on board bills of lading; … 11. Sanitary certificate in one original and four copies issued by concerned governmental authorities in the exporter’s country… …25. Manually signed commercial invoice for 300 MT of white crystals urea (5% more or less) 26. Shipment by 30 January 2022 Documents to be sent to us original by first airmail and duplicates by next airmail. This credit is subject to UCP600. Credit to be confirmed by a bank based in Exeter.
S Ltd receives a communication from a confirming bank based in Exeter, which presents S Ltd with the above letter of credit as per the instruction of B Ltd. S Ltd shipped the goods on 1 February 2022. Immediately thereafter, S Ltd tenders the required documents to the confirming bank, including the following:
a) A bill of lading indicating shipment 1 February 2022 and that “300 MT of urea was shipped on board in apparent good order and condition”;
b) A sanitary certificate indicating “300 MT of urea”.
The confirming bank notices a discrepancy in terms of the shipment date, and via the issuing bank approaches B Ltd for a waiver.
Please turn over
The market value for urea in bulk has risen considerably since the date of the contract, therefore B Ltd decides to give a waiver to the issuing bank, asking it to accept the documents tendered by S Ltd. Nevertheless, by the time the cargo of urea reaches B Ltd, its market value has plummeted and B Ltd is now making a considerable loss. B is unhappy because the description appearing on the sanitary certificate tendered by S Ltd to the confirming bank does not correspond exactly to the description appearing on the credit.
Advise B Ltd on any possible legal actions against the banks and against S Ltd, including actions for damages. Would your advice be any different, in case B Ltd accepts the goods and after 3 months discovers that the sanitary certificate has been falsified by S Ltd?

 

 

Sample Solution

The buffer placement does not stop after buffers are placed for all sinks. It is an iterative process as will be shown further in this paper. The buffers are further shuffled and reordered until the skew and the power requirements are reached because the wire capacitance further adds to the total capacitance and increases the power consumed. Hence the buffer placement is an NP-complete complexity class problem.
SIMULATION OF THE MESH IN NGSPICE
Once the placement of buffer is done, a netlist containing the information regarding the placement and sizes of the buffer and the capacitances they are driving is generated in MATLAB. The netlist generated is saved under the *.cir extension with the syntax shown below
[Component Name] [positive Node] [negative Node] [Value]
The mesh maybe modeled as delta connected network (??-connected) or a star connected network (??- connected network). This paper incorporates the delta-connected network of the mesh as well as the stub connection to model the netlist file.
Once the netlist is generated and saved as a *.cir format, it is imported to NGSPICE. On importing the netlist to NGSPICE, a parametric analysis is performed for different values of voltage and frequency targeting a 45nm technology.
The netlist is generated for four quadrants each of which is imported into NGSPICE successively and simulated. We calculate the latency of the clock signals inside each window of a given quadrant.
The buffers are first probed and then external clock pulses are passed through it. This means that external contacts are given to the nodes where the buffers are placed and clock input is given in the form of variable pulses. A parameterized analysis is done in three steps. Firstly we obtain the latency at the clock sinks by varying the voltage and keeping the frequency of the clock pulses constant. Next we vary the frequency of the clock pulses and keep the voltage constant. Finally we vary both t

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