ALTERATIONS IN CELLULAR PROCESSES
The scenario describes an 83-year-old resident with protein malnutrition presenting with generalized edema. Let's delve into the details of this condition.
Genetics and Protein Malnutrition:
While some rare genetic disorders can cause protein deficiencies, protein malnutrition in the elderly, as seen in this case, is not typically caused by genetics [National Institutes of Health, 2020].
Symptoms and Physiological Response:
The patient exhibits generalized edema, which is swelling caused by excess fluid accumulation in tissues. Protein, particularly albumin, plays a crucial role in maintaining blood pressure within blood vessels. When protein levels are low (protein malnutrition), albumin levels decrease, leading to a decrease in osmotic pressure in the bloodstream. This decrease disrupts the normal fluid balance between blood vessels and tissues. Fluid leaks out of the blood vessels and accumulates in tissues, causing edema [National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements, 2021].
Cells Involved:
All cells in the body require protein for various functions, including growth, repair, and enzyme production. In protein malnutrition, various cell types are affected. Muscle cells break down for protein, leading to muscle wasting. This can explain why the patient might have difficulty eating due to weakness. Additionally, protein deficiency can impair the function of immune cells, increasing susceptibility to infections.
Impact of Age:
Age is a significant characteristic influencing protein malnutrition in the elderly. Several factors contribute to this:
- Decreased protein intake: Loss of appetite, chewing difficulties due to missing teeth (like in this case), and social isolation can lead to inadequate protein intake in older adults [Evans, 2000].
- Increased protein needs: Even with adequate intake, the body's ability to absorb and utilize protein may decline with age. Additionally, chronic health conditions common in elderly populations can further increase protein requirements for healing and recovery.