An issue in nurse practitioner (NP) practice

Genes that have genetical variation encode enzymes which metobolize drug, drug transporters, or drug targets. Variation in genes that can predict dose and safety of treatment for different types of cancer patient can have harmful influence on these patients’ treatment(25). For instance, polymorphism where in cytochrome P450 enzymes could cause to metabolite to drug slowly or very fast. So patient give an overdose symptoms or no response to drug by changing the pharmacokinetics of drug metabolism, also it may cause an adverse drug reaction(26). Thereby , forecasting optimal dose of drug , inducing the harmful side effects can be provided by using polymorphism(27). In familial breast cancer, patients shows low survival rate to treatment with tamoxifen that is chemotherapeutic drug because of genetic variation in CYP2D6 that is seen as a poor metabolizer (28). There are some studies abour genetic testing on drug label including test for CYP450 polymorphisms. Prognosis Insteaf of using clinicopathologic parameters as a biomarker in biochemical testing for prognosis and selection of therapatic way for cancer patient , Genotyping or gene expression profiling by microarray and protein analysis by mass spectrometry is used for prognostic biomarkers with the understanding of the molecular mechanism of cancer subtypes(29). Biomarkers can be used alone or with combination of other parameters for classify subgroups according to their risk rate and for leading to therapy decision. For example, tissue microarray analysis with combining molecular and clinical biomarker is more efficient than the clasical clinical parameter for patient who has renal cell carcinoma(30).

Approaches and Tools for Personalized Medicine

Instead of using PCR, fluorescence in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, and sequencing for personalized medicine testing, high throughput analyses that consist of microarray, mass spectrometry, second generation sequencing, array comparative genomic hybridization, and high-throughput single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis were started to use after human genome project . These techniques can analyse numerous target at the same time(31). New technologies improve sesitiveness, speciality, trueness of new b

Sample Solution

The issue I would like to see a practice change occur in the Nurse Practitioner (NP) field is increasing access to health care services for underserved communities. This is especially pertinent given that individuals from lower socioeconomic backgrounds face a number of life-limiting obstacles when it comes to accessing quality medical attention such as lack of resources, transportation, or insurance coverage (Gibson et al., 2018). In order to improve accessibility NP’s must make use of innovative strategies such as mobile clinics or remote monitoring technology which can help bring essential care directly into patients homes (Neale & Cohen 2017). Moreover, legislative initiatives must be enacted so that those without regular health insurance can still receive necessary treatment( Hillegas et al., 2019). Additionally, expanding scope of practice laws could allow NPs work independently without physician oversight allowing them serve as primary care providers within their own practices ( Grimes et al., 2016) . Moreover, providing culturally competent care is paramount when working with underserved populations since this helps promote trust between provider and patient whilst also improving overall healthcare outcomes (Grindle & Phillips 2017). Utilizing interpreters and tailoring communication styles according cultural norms are some means through which this can achieved. Also educational programs should created train both established NPs plus students on best approaches needed build successful relationships with diverse patients. In conclusion , even though numerous measures have already been implemented increase accessibility healthcare services amongst underserved communities there still much left done. Adopting advanced technologies along with enacting policies towards enhancing NP scope of practice will go long way towards providing equitable access vital medical assistance regardless one’s financial status .