• Cell body: The cell body contains the nucleus and other organelles.
• Dendrites: The dendrites are the branched projections that receive signals from other neurons.
• Axon: The axon is the long projection that carries signals away from the cell body.
• Terminal buttons: The terminal buttons are the end of the axon, where signals are released.

When a neuron is stimulated, an electrical impulse is generated in the cell body. This impulse travels down the axon to the terminal buttons. At the terminal buttons, the impulse causes the release of neurotransmitters, which are chemicals that cross the synapse and bind to receptors on the next neuron. This process continues until the signal reaches its destination.

The major components of the subcortical structures are:

• Thalamus: The thalamus is a relay station for sensory information, such as sight, hearing, and touch.
• Hypothalamus: The hypothalamus is involved in a variety of functions, including body temperature regulation, hunger, thirst, and emotions.
• Basal ganglia: The basal ganglia are involved in movement, learning, and memory.
• Amygdala: The amygdala is involved in emotions, such as fear and aggression.
• Hippocampus: The hippocampus is involved in learning and memory.

The hippocampus is the subcortical structure that plays a role in learning, memory, and addiction. It is involved in the formation of new memories and the consolidation of memories into long-term storage. The hippocampus is also involved in the reward pathway, which is involved in addiction.