The world today is as furiously religious as it ever was. Any observer of cities in the Global South would be quick to recognize the importance of religion in shaping urban life, but even in industrialized, Western cities commentators are increasingly recognizing a “post-secular” reality. Yet what is the relevance of this for urban planning, and how should urban planners grapple with religion in their land-use decision-making? Formal religious sites – such as churches, temples, cathedrals, and mosques – are places of great spiritual significance. They are often also centerpieces of community cohesion around which many urban residents` lives revolve. Further, such sites often contain vestiges of green space and natural features in otherwise grey urban landscapes. For this reason, religious sites can and should be incorporated more seriously by urban planners and designers into the urban fabric. Strong religious environmental and community ethics means that partnership for the common good is also possible with religious organizations for public-private green space design.
his foreign exchange that is gained should be invested in the industries, which have maximum ‘linkages’ and ‘spill-overs’ to other industries, and are also ‘labour-light industries’. Linkages between sectors, as suggested by Hirschman in the theory of unbalanced growth, help in developing industry through ‘backward’ or ‘forward linkages, where one the production in one industry is directly tied to or ‘linked’ to another industry. Linkages are cause of the ‘spillover effect’ i.e. a Secondary effect as result of a
Primary effect.
Using backward linkages is the most appropriate way to produce ‘spillover’ for late developing countries. (Javorcik, 2004) In backward linkage, the ‘raw material’ is provided by local suppliers, and therefore there is no dependence on imports and primary domestic industry is given a boost. As used in the Readymade Garment export industry in Bangladesh. Exporting a finished garment for them meant converting fibers/cotton to yarn and then converting this yarn to grey fabrics, and finally the grey fabric to dyed/printed cloth. This backward linkage with emphasis on the Readymade Garment industry propelled other raw material and ancillary industries into production. (Habib, 2009)
Ultimately, we see that in LDCs there is no functional substitute for the State- from Agrarian Reforms/ securing Property Rights to tariff protection and subsidies that lead to Import Substitution which makes the country not only self sufficient, but also an exporter- which in turn leads to gain of foreign exchange and growth in GDP, can only be done by the State. However, there are some problems that come hand in hand with increase in state power in any country.
Corruption in the government is the biggest one that needs to be tackled for any sort of results to be seen. We could apply all the said industrial policies, yet with corruption, there could be no positive results. State could indulge in rent seeking behavior, which benefits elites at the expense of the general taxpayer public.
To tackle this cardinal problem, the State must separate the judiciary from the executi
