Biology questions

 

 

 

1a.Describe one element of the lac operon that is under transcriptional control and one element that is under post-translational control.

b.Discuss how the transcription product of the lac operon, i.e. a single transcript of lacY, lacZ, and lacA, gives rise to 3 different and separate proteins.

2a.You are studying lacI mutants that normally show low expression of the β-galactosidase gene under high glucose levels. However, you get a second mutation where you notice high expression of β-galactosidase in the presence or absence of glucose. Hypothesize where this mutation could be found.

b.Compare and contrast:

i. Basal transcription factors and sigma.

ii.Promoter-proximal elements and enhancers.

3.Rearrangements of the chromosome can often result in the generation of a cancerous cell. During one cancer setting the cells become more responsive to a growth hormone, i.e. they grow uncontrollably when normal amounts of this growth hormone are present. This is due to the overproduction of the receptor for the growth hormone in the cancer cells. You sequence the gene that produces the growth hormone but you cannot find any mutations in the promoter or promoter proximal elements.Based on these data, explain why the growth hormone receptor is overproduced.

4.The trp operon contains 5 genes: trpE, trpD, trpC, trpB, and trpA. These five genes code for components that produce three enzymes that catalyze the biosynthesis of tryptophan. The trp operon undergoes negative repression by a repressor, where in the presence of Tryptophan, the repressor is active and binds to the Trp operator, preventing RNA polymerase from transcribing the operon (See figure attached). You are interested in producing 13C radioactively labeled tryptophan and the easiest way to do this is to grow bacteria on 13C labeled glucose. To maximize the yield of tryptophan you isolate mutant E. coli that overproduce tryptophan.List all possible types of mutations that could have occurred and briefly indicate why they lead to overproduction of tryptophan.

5.You are trying to express human growth hormone in bacteria using a plasmid that has the following DNA sequence elements:Promoter:Lac operator:start codon:codons for growth hormone:stop codon:mRNA termination.You induce the expression of the growth hormone by adding lactose to the media and you get very little growth hormone made.What additional DNA sequence should your plasmid contain and where on the plasmid would you put this sequence.

6a.Predict how gene expression would be affected if a cell is grown in the presence of a compound that inhibits the activity of the enzyme DNA methyl transferase.

b.Mutations in Histone Acetyl Transferases (HAT) that render this enzyme constitutively active are prevalent in many cancer types. Speculate on a mechanism by which these acquired mutations would alter the function of HAT in a cancerous cell.

 

 

Sample Solution

 

Test and Response

Presentation and Thesis

The globe is in the focal point of an expert ached “post-Cold War progress”. This virus war progress will keep proceeding till one decade from now. There are such huge numbers of component and forces that are working amid this time. So of the elements have negative effects while a portion of the components have positive effects. The general public of free countries is broadening, the economy of the world has essentially improved starting from the turn of the “late 80’s and mid 90’s”, and a considerable lot of the specialists are anticipating quickly developing economy (Erwin, Magnuson, Parsons and Tadjdeh, 2014). From the perspective of national security, the difficulties that United States diminished arranged by scale or size they are sheltered from some other worldwide difficulties yet at the same time there are some abroad difficulties that interests of United States are confronting. In any case, other than these components and other positive development, this season of advancement remains muddled and loaded with difficulties. In the ongoing occasions, there are as yet observed perhaps erratic difficulties, a blend of social, statistic, money related, and political circumstances(Allen, 2014). It is important to confront the difficulties and reaction well to such dangers. The theory articulation is that security of a nation is essential yet the inquiry here is that how a nation makes procedures to protect its national advantages.

In this paper we will talk about the dangers and difficulties that are looked by the United States and how the United States reactions to every one of these dangers and difficulties. Besides, the paper distinguishes that how the national power instruments can be used for the wellbeing and security of the state so as to offer reaction to the recognized dangers and difficulties.

Three dangers or difficulties to United States’ interests

In the ongoing occasions, the United States’ interests are confronting numerous difficulties and dangers. A couple of the difficulties and dangers are referenced beneath:

1: Peace

America’s most prominent resource and intrigue is its kin. The general population of America are the most regarded one in the nation. Individuals living in America fabricate a country from individuals originating from al h religions, races, hues and so forth and live in harmony. The general population of America will be given harmony and they will show protect their tranquility. The security powers of America will do all the conceivable things to verify the tranquility of the nation and make the general population of America assume a vital job in the tranquility of the Alternative world as well (Erwin, Magnuson, Parsons and Tadjdeh, 2014). The nation faces a few dangers and difficulties about the flourishing as the catastrophic events are a major risk to the harmony and thriving of the nation.

2: The security of US, its kin and its Allies

Security of the country and its kin is express most duty of the military and govt. of United States. US of America is likely the most serene nation known to man. The organization of the nation has a major duty of verifying them. US is making move to make suitable methodologies for the security of its kin and the accomplices of the nation. The security of partners and accomplices of the nation is essential for the nation (Bareer, 2010)..

3: Values

It is accepted by the govt. of the United States that there are a few qualities that are all inclusive and they are attempting their best to advance these qualities. Opportunity of talking, adoring of the religion and determination of the pioneers and so on are comprehensive of these qualities. The essential establishment of United States of America is on these qualities so they become testing and threating in some cases.

The United States’ reactions to distinguished dangers or difficulties

1: Peace and Prosperity

The govt. of United States has made some suitable answers for face the harmony and success issues that the nation faces. The nation has constructed is capacity to confront and take care of the issues identified with debacles so the harmony and flourishing of the general population of United Sates could be put something aside for a long haul. Fitting laws are made to diminish the viciousness in the nation (Erwin, Magnuson, Parsons and Tadjdeh, 2014). (Wohlstetter, 2014).

2: Security

The military of United States is dynamic all the ideal opportunity for the security of the country, its kin and the accomplice and partners of the nation. The nation has a parity in the selection of new procedures and utilization of new instruments. For their unions, America stand joined with its accomplices to help them when they need their assistance in security (Wohlstetter, 2014).

3: Values

The govt. of United States acquainted a few laws with deference different religions and the estimations of the nation and different religions living in the nation. They are advancing these qualities in all around the world and doing suitable techniques to keep it protected and secure in the nation.

Suggested needs

The American Intelligence and Army are making a decent attempt to secure the interests of America and they are endeavoring hard endeavors to protect it from any risk or test. The US should make its digital quality solid as the country can be hurt by hacking its national information. It is prescribed to verify the national information of the state so as to guard it by any kind of digital hacking which is compromising nowadays (Erwin, Magnuson, Parsons and Tadjdeh, 2014). The digital weapon security is on the top need of the Unites States. US is expanding the external safe circle with the goal that nobody can risk or damage the country. The estimations of the nation ought to be remained careful by presenting new laws.

End

In the ongoing occasions, the world has swung in to a perplexing and perilous spot in light of the fact that after the virus war the forthcoming war will be digital war, a war which is extremely compromising all around. Significant dangers that are being looked by United States are security of the general population of United States, Peace and Prosperity and the qualities. The United States would should be prepared to assault to such helpless dangers so as to guard the national interests. From the perspective of national security, the difficulties that United States diminished arranged by scale or size they are sheltered from some other worldwide difficulties yet at the same time there are some abroad difficulties that interests of United States are confronting. Be that as it may, other than these components and other positive development, this season of advancement remains entangled and brimming with difficulties.

 

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